Neoplasia 1+2 - Bolfa Flashcards
1
Q
_______ is another term for benign
A
Indolent
2
Q
_______ is another term for malignant
A
Aggressive
3
Q
Most growths ending in “oma” are _______
A
Benign / Indolent
4
Q
What are the hallmarks of cancer? (6)
A
- Growth suppressors evaded
- Invasion and metastasis
- Angiogenesis induced
- Cell death resisted
- Replication enabled
- Proliferative signaling sustained
5
Q
________ is a worrysome term which is the step before neoplasia
A
Dysplasia
6
Q
Most growths ending in “oma” are benign. What are the exceptions?
A
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Mesothelioma
- Seminoma
always malignant
7
Q
What is a hamartoma?
A
disorganized but benign masses composed of cells indigenous (same cells) to the involved tissue
many involves blood vessels
8
Q
Normal adrenal gland tissue on the surface of the liver is an example of ___________
A
Choristoma
9
Q
What is a choristoma?
A
heterotropic rest of cells
Ex: normal adrenal gland tissue on surface of liver
10
Q
Neoplasms consist of?
A
- Neoplastic squamous epithelial cells / Parenchymal cells
- Vascular fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels / Stroma - support
11
Q
What is anaplasia?
A
Loss of cellular differentiation
- often indicates irreversible progression to neoplasia
12
Q
Examples of benign epithelial tumors?
A
- Adenoma
- Papilloma
- Polyp
13
Q
What is an adenoma?
A
benign tumor arising from glandular epithelium or tumor that exhibits tubular pattern microscopically
Ex: mammary gland adenoma
14
Q
What is a papilloma?
A
benign, usually exophytic (growing outward) growth arising from cutaneous or mucocutaneous surface
15
Q
What is a polyp?
A
Grossly visible, benign epithelial tumor projecting from mucosal surface (Ex: SI)
16
Q
What pathological process is neoplasia?
A
Disorders of growth
17
Q
What properties are exhibited by cancer?
A
- Invasion
- Metastasis
- Anaplasia
18
Q
True or False: neoplasms are reversible
A
FALSE
19
Q
True or False: Neoplasms can be benign or malignant
A
TRUE
20
Q
Which neoplasms have the ability to regress despite being irreversible?
A
- Histiocytoma
- Papillomas
21
Q
________ is an example of a choristoma
A
Dermoid
22
Q
If a lesion has uncontrolled growth, the term _________ is used
A
Neoplasia
23
Q
Epithelial tumors under histology?
A
Tightly packed cell junctions, little intercellular matrix
24
Q
Mesenchymal tumors under histology?
A
- Spindle shaped
- scant cytoplasm
- lots of intercellular matrix
- in streams and bundles
25
Which of the following tumor types can be derived from the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm?
Epithelial tumors / carcinomas
26
Benign tumor derived from fibroblasts are called __________
Fibroma
27
Malignant tumor derived from fibroblasts is called _______
Fibrosarcoma
28
Benign tumor derived from vascular endothelium is called __________
Hermangioma
29
Malignant tumor derived from vascular endothelium is called __________
Hermangiosarcoma
30
Hermangiosarcomas are common in which organs?
1. Liver
2. Spleen
3. Right atrium of the heart
4. Skin
31
A benign growth derived from the perianal gland is called ________
Perianal gland adenoma
32
A malignant growth derived from the perianal gland is called ________
perianal gland carcinoma
33
How do you call a carcinoma with distinct glandular growth patterns, as indicated by the presence of tubules or acini?
Adenocarcinoma
34
A horse with a benign growth on the mandible, derived from osteoblasts is called ___________
Osteoma
35
A horse with a malignant growth on the mandible, derived from osteoblasts is called ___________
Osteosarcoma
36
A benign growth on the oral mucosa, derived from keratinocytes is called _________
Papilloma
37
A malignant growth on the oral mucosa, derived from keratinocytes is called ____________
Squamous cell carcinoma
38
Malignant growths in lymph nodes can be called ____________
lymphoma / lymphosarcoma
**always malignant**
39
Tumors cells derived from more than 1 cell lineage is called _________
Teratoma
40
Teratomas are usually __________ (benign/malignant)
Benign
41
Where do teratomas generally occur?
Ovary, gonads
42
An ovarian tumor containing skin, bone, and neural tissue can be called a ____________
Teratoma
43
_________ is a tumor that arises from neoplastic cells of the bone marrow and circulates in the blood
Leukemia
44
__________ are malignant tumors of plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
45
What is a multiple myeloma?
Malignant tumor of plasma cells
46
A benign tumor arising from melanocytes is called ___________
Melanocytoma
47
Malignant tumor arising from melanocytes is called ___________
Melanoma
**always malignant**
48
A poorly demarcated and highly infiltrative mass that extends into the dermis is describing a ___________ neoplasm
Malignant
49
70-80% of _______ tumors in cats are malignant
Mammary tumors - mammary adenocarcinoma
50
What is used to establish prognosis and determine treatment of neoplasms?
Tumor grade - degree of differentiation
Stage - extend of spread
51
What features of anaplasia are observed in malignant neoplasms?
1. Pleomorphism
2. Anisokaryosis / anisocytosis
3. Nuclear hyperchromasia
4. High N:C ratio
5. Multiple prominant nuclei
6. Abnormal mitotic figures
52
True or False: Malignant neoplasms are always more life threatening than benign tumors
FALSE - depends on location
Benign tumor in the brain can be bad too
53
When is the earliest a tumor can be clinically detected?
after 30 doublings - usually 1cm in diameter
54
How do initiated cells expand to form preneoplastic lesions or benign tumors?
Presence of a nonmutagenic, reversible promotor
55
What phases of mitosis can be observed histologically?
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase
56
What steps are involved in neoplastic transformation?
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
57
__________ is the gradual development of features of malignancy due to the combination of genetic and epigenetic changes
Progression
58
A malignant neoplasm derived from lipocytes is called _________
Liposarcoma
59
__________ is a gross lesion that indicates rapid growth
Umbilicated (depressed center)
*looks like a donut
60
What is a "Scirrhous response"?
Desmoplasia
- largeeee amount of fibrous CT in response to epithelial neoplasms / carcinomas
61
_________ is a hallmark of neoplasia
Unlimited proliferation
62
Neoplasms usually have mutations that result in:
1. Defective DNA repair
2. Self-sufficient growth signals
3. Insensitivity to growth inhibition
4. Evasion of apoptosis
63
How do cancer cells acquire resistance to apoptosis?
- Inactivates p53 gene
- Overexpression of Bcl-2 reduces apoptosis
64
How do cancer cells escape senescence and their death?
Reexpression of telomerase
65
What mutation is present in 20% of mast cell tumors?
Mutation of ckit from proto-oncogene to oncogene
allows for uncontrolled, always active receptor
66
Why is the risk of cancer in elephants lower than other animals?
They have multiple p53 genes
67
Splenic hermangiosarcomas can metastasize to the ________
Lungs
Ex: pulmonary metastatic hermangiosarcoma
68
_______ is a prerequisite for metastasis
Invasion
69
What must be overcome for invasion to occur?
1. **Loss of contact inhibition**
2. **Loosening of cell junctions** via decreased cadherins
3. **Penetration of BM and ECM** via collagenases and matrix metalloproteinases
4. **Migration** stimulated by growth factors
70
What is responsible for loosening of intercellular junctions?
Decreased expression of cadherins
71
What is responsible for penetration of the BM and ECM?
Increased collagenase and matrix metalloproteinases
72
Expression of _______ is a mesenchymal cell marker
Vimentin
73
Many tumors enter circulation but only a few will result in metastasis. Why?
Most die from:
1. Turbulence
2. O2 toxicity
3. Unfavorable nutrient environment
4. Lack of growth factors
74
_______ is responsible for most cancer mortality
Metastasis
75
Other than providing support, what is stroma important for?
Stimulating angiogenesis to support tumor growth
76
What angiogenic factor is released by tumor cells to support growth?
VEGF
77
What tumor type usually goes through hematogenous spread?
Sarcomas
involves invasion of veins rather than arteries
78
What tumor type usually spreads via the lymphatics?
Carcinomas
79
Which pathway of spread is often difficult to treat and generally fatal?
Transcoelomic
80
What are 2 common organs/tissues that exhibit transcoelomic spread?
Mesotheliomas, ovarian adenocarcinomas
- tissues arising on the surface of organs
81
Pulmonary carcinomas in cats can metastasize to the _______
Digits
82
Where does metastasis not usually occur?
Skeletal muscle
83
Transmissible tumors?
1. TVT in dogs
2. Devil facial tumor in tasmanian devils
3. Viral induced papillomas
84
Which tumors are associated with allographs?
1. TVT in dogs
2. Devil facial tumor in tasmanian devils
85
What is the most effective antitumor defense mechanism?
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
