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Sem 3: Path 1 > Chronic Inflammation - Paraschou > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation - Paraschou Flashcards

1
Q

Types of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Granulomatous
  2. Eosinophilic granuloma
  3. Progranulomatous
  4. Lymphocytic
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2
Q

4 main outcomes of inflammation:

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Healing by repair
  3. Abscess formation
  4. Chronic inflammation
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3
Q

Abscess formation is caused by ________

A

Bacteria mostly

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4
Q

________ is usually surrounded by a fibrous capsule

A

Abscess formation

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5
Q

What does an abscess consist of?

A

Purulent/ suppurative exudate

contains many neutrophils + pus

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6
Q

An abscess is a type of _______ necrosis

A

Liquefactive

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7
Q

An abscess can form within _____ days

A

a few

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8
Q

How do you treat an abscess?

A

Has to be lanced and drained!!

Antibiotics won’t work bc it can’t penetrate fibrous capsule

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9
Q

Why is a fibrous capsule formed around an abscess?

A

To wall off/isolate the exudate

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10
Q

An abscess on the lungs is called?

A

Suppurative pneumonia

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11
Q

Main cell type involved in abscess formation?

A

Neuts

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12
Q

What does an active-acute inflammation mean?

A

Both acute and chronic inflammation

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13
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur?

A
  1. When acute inflamm response fails to eliminate stimulus
  2. Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
  3. Due to mycobacterial infection
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14
Q

Examples of systemic mycoses that causes chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Cryptococcus
  2. Histoplasmosis
  3. Blastomycosis
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15
Q

Foreign bodies that can cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Grass seeds
  2. Splinters
  3. Suture material
  4. Injections
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16
Q

What intracellular bacteria can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Mycobacteria spp
  2. Rhodococcus spp
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17
Q

What protozoa can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Toxoplasma
  2. Leishmannia
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18
Q

What parasites can cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Toxocara
  2. Habronema larvae
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19
Q

Immune mediated diseases that can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity / allergic dermatitis
  2. Autoimmune diseases (ex: lupus)
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20
Q

How do bacteria, mycoses, and parasites cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Avoids phagocytosis
  2. Isolates or hides from IR in pus (Ex: Staph and streps)
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21
Q

What are examples of chronic inflammation caused by unresponsiveness to phagocytosis or enzymatic breakdown?

A
  1. Plant material
  2. Grass awns
  3. Silica dust
  4. Suture material

(foreign bodies)

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22
Q

Examples of chronic inflammation caused by an altered immediate and adaptive inflammatory response?

A
  1. Persistent neutropenia
  2. Autoimmune dz
  3. K9 GME
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23
Q

What is produced by macrophages that amplifies and prolongs inflammation?

A

Cytokines and as a result T cells

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24
Q

Macrophages secrete growth factors to begin repair: what are the repair mechanisms?

A

Fibroplasia, angiogenesis

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25
Q

A multinucleate giant cell with peripheral nuclei is called _________

A

Langhans

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26
Q

A multinucleate giant cell with central nuclei is called _________

A

Foreign body type

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27
Q

What multinucleate giant cell looks like a choco chip cookie?

A

Foreign body type

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28
Q

Multinucleate giant cells and macrophages can be seen in what type of inflammation?

A

Granulomatous

29
Q

Examples of what can cause granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. Mycobacterium spp
  2. Fungi
  3. Foreign body
30
Q

What cell type is present in pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A

Neuts and macs

31
Q

Actinomyces bovis results in what type of inflammation?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

32
Q

Main role of M2 macrophages?

A

Wound healing / anti-inflammatory

Directs connective tissue repair and fibroplasia

Secretes growth factors (TGF-beta)

Responsible for fibrosis + angiogenesis

33
Q

Main cell type seen in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Macs and multinucleate giant cells

34
Q

Stain used for mycobacterium spp?

A

ZN - acid fast stain

35
Q

Stain used for fungi?

A

PAS stain or silver stain

36
Q

Two forms of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. Diffuse (lepromatous) form
  2. Nodular (tuberculoid) form
37
Q

Example of a disease that causes diffuse lepromatous granulomatous inflammation?

A

Johnes disease (MAP)

38
Q

Mycobacterium bovis (Tuberculosis) causes what type of inflammation?

A

Nodular tuberculoid granulomatous inflammation

39
Q

What cell type is seen in diffuse lepromatous granulomatous inflammation?

A

T helper 2

40
Q

What cell type is seen in nodular tuberculoid granulomatous inflammation?

A

T helper 1

41
Q

Fish infected with mycobacterium spp result in ____________

A

Chronic nodular granulomatous inflammation

42
Q

Examples of allergic conditions that result in eosinophilic inflammation?

A
  1. Feline eosinophilic complex
  2. Canine/Feline eosinophilic granuloma
  3. Equine eosinophilic nodular disease
43
Q

Grass awn is an example of _______ inflammation

A

Pyogranulomatous

44
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is an example of ________ inflammation

A

pyogranulomatous

45
Q

Example of a disease that can cause lymphocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammation?

A

Leptospirosis - chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

46
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts?

A

Produce collagen to help in repair

47
Q

Phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Maturation
48
Q

Inflammation occurs in ________ days

A

1-4

49
Q

The proliferation phase of wound healing lasts for ___________

A

Up to 3 weeks

50
Q

Maturation process of wound healing lasts how long?

A

Up to 2 years

51
Q

What happens in the inflammation phase of wound healing?

A

Haemostasis, acute inflamm, then neuts and macs remove dead tissue and exudate

52
Q

What phase of wound healing involves filling the space with granulation tissue?

A

Proliferation

53
Q

What happens during the proliferation phase of wound healing?

A

Granulation tissue fills the space

Involves fibroplasia and angiogenesis

54
Q

What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?

A
  • A scar is formed - fibrosis
  • Deposition of collagen by fibroblasts
  • Ongoing remodeling of collagen
  • immature to mature connective tissue
55
Q

Gross appearance of granulation tissue?

A

Pink to red, bleeds easily, granular in appearance

56
Q

What does granulation tissue look like histologically?

A

Fibroblasts and newly formed blood vessels (angiogenesis)

57
Q

What does fibrosis look like histologically?

A

Abundant newly formed capillaries

Waves of fibrous CT (collagen from fibroblasts)

58
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Nodular structure formed by macrophages

A type of chronic inflammatory response

59
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

proliferation of fibroblasts and capillaries formed during repair process

60
Q

Regeneration vs repair?

A

Regen - necrotic tissue replaced by tissue similar to the original

Repair - injured tissue replaced by fibrous tissue

61
Q

Characteristics of first intention healing?

A
  • Simple, uncomplicated healing
  • Occurs rapidly
  • Wounds have opposed edges

-ECM synthesized to fill gaps between opposed tissue

  • Leaves little trace of the wound

Ex: clean, uninfected surgical wounds

62
Q

Characteristics of 2nd intention healing?

A
  • Complicated healing
  • Reduced tensile strength
  • Fibrous tissue fills the defect (haphazard)
  • Wounds have separated edges

Ex: large defects or septic wounds with foreign bodies

63
Q

________ stimulates proliferation and activation of fibroblasts which deposit collagen

A

TGF-beta from M2 macs

64
Q

Systemic factors leading to poor tissue repair?

A
  1. Malnutrition (Vit C deficiency in guinea pigs)
  2. Metabolic status (Ex: Diabetes mellitus)
  3. Circulatory status (Ex: CHF)
  4. Hormones (Ex: Glucocorticoids)
65
Q

Local factors that can lead to poor tissue repair?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Foreign bodies
  3. Mechanical factors
  4. Size, location and type of wound
66
Q

Examples of labile cells?

A
  1. Surface epithelium
  2. Epithelium of GI tract, urinary tract, and uterus
  3. Splenic, lymphoid, and hematopoietic tissue

**regenerates after injury

67
Q

________ cells proliferate throughout life and are continuously replaced

A

Labile

68
Q

Examples of stable/quiescent cells?

A
  1. SM
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Vascular endothelial cells
  4. Epithelial cells of liver, kidney, lung, and pancreas
69
Q

Is an ovariohysterectomy an example of first or 2nd intention healing?

A

1st

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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