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Sem 3: Path 1 > Chronic Inflammation - Paraschou > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation - Paraschou Flashcards

1
Q

Types of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Granulomatous
  2. Eosinophilic granuloma
  3. Progranulomatous
  4. Lymphocytic
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2
Q

4 main outcomes of inflammation:

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Healing by repair
  3. Abscess formation
  4. Chronic inflammation
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3
Q

Abscess formation is caused by ________

A

Bacteria mostly

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4
Q

________ is usually surrounded by a fibrous capsule

A

Abscess formation

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5
Q

What does an abscess consist of?

A

Purulent/ suppurative exudate

contains many neutrophils + pus

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6
Q

An abscess is a type of _______ necrosis

A

Liquefactive

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7
Q

An abscess can form within _____ days

A

a few

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8
Q

How do you treat an abscess?

A

Has to be lanced and drained!!

Antibiotics won’t work bc it can’t penetrate fibrous capsule

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9
Q

Why is a fibrous capsule formed around an abscess?

A

To wall off/isolate the exudate

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10
Q

An abscess on the lungs is called?

A

Suppurative pneumonia

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11
Q

Main cell type involved in abscess formation?

A

Neuts

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12
Q

What does an active-acute inflammation mean?

A

Both acute and chronic inflammation

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13
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur?

A
  1. When acute inflamm response fails to eliminate stimulus
  2. Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
  3. Due to mycobacterial infection
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14
Q

Examples of systemic mycoses that causes chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Cryptococcus
  2. Histoplasmosis
  3. Blastomycosis
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15
Q

Foreign bodies that can cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Grass seeds
  2. Splinters
  3. Suture material
  4. Injections
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16
Q

What intracellular bacteria can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Mycobacteria spp
  2. Rhodococcus spp
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17
Q

What protozoa can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Toxoplasma
  2. Leishmannia
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18
Q

What parasites can cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Toxocara
  2. Habronema larvae
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19
Q

Immune mediated diseases that can result in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity / allergic dermatitis
  2. Autoimmune diseases (ex: lupus)
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20
Q

How do bacteria, mycoses, and parasites cause chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Avoids phagocytosis
  2. Isolates or hides from IR in pus (Ex: Staph and streps)
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21
Q

What are examples of chronic inflammation caused by unresponsiveness to phagocytosis or enzymatic breakdown?

A
  1. Plant material
  2. Grass awns
  3. Silica dust
  4. Suture material

(foreign bodies)

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22
Q

Examples of chronic inflammation caused by an altered immediate and adaptive inflammatory response?

A
  1. Persistent neutropenia
  2. Autoimmune dz
  3. K9 GME
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23
Q

What is produced by macrophages that amplifies and prolongs inflammation?

A

Cytokines and as a result T cells

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24
Q

Macrophages secrete growth factors to begin repair: what are the repair mechanisms?

A

Fibroplasia, angiogenesis

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25
A multinucleate giant cell with peripheral nuclei is called _________
Langhans
26
A multinucleate giant cell with central nuclei is called _________
Foreign body type
27
What multinucleate giant cell looks like a choco chip cookie?
Foreign body type
28
Multinucleate giant cells and macrophages can be seen in what type of inflammation?
Granulomatous
29
Examples of what can cause granulomatous inflammation?
1. Mycobacterium spp 2. Fungi 3. Foreign body
30
What cell type is present in pyogranulomatous inflammation?
Neuts and macs
31
Actinomyces bovis results in what type of inflammation?
Pyogranulomatous inflammation
32
Main role of M2 macrophages?
Wound healing / anti-inflammatory Directs connective tissue repair and fibroplasia Secretes growth factors (TGF-beta) Responsible for fibrosis + angiogenesis
33
Main cell type seen in granulomatous inflammation?
Macs and multinucleate giant cells
34
Stain used for mycobacterium spp?
ZN - acid fast stain
35
Stain used for fungi?
PAS stain or silver stain
36
Two forms of granulomatous inflammation?
1. Diffuse (lepromatous) form 2. Nodular (tuberculoid) form
37
Example of a disease that causes diffuse lepromatous granulomatous inflammation?
Johnes disease (MAP)
38
Mycobacterium bovis (Tuberculosis) causes what type of inflammation?
Nodular tuberculoid granulomatous inflammation
39
What cell type is seen in diffuse lepromatous granulomatous inflammation?
T helper 2
40
What cell type is seen in nodular tuberculoid granulomatous inflammation?
T helper 1
41
Fish infected with mycobacterium spp result in ____________
Chronic nodular granulomatous inflammation
42
Examples of allergic conditions that result in eosinophilic inflammation?
1. Feline eosinophilic complex 2. Canine/Feline eosinophilic granuloma 3. Equine eosinophilic nodular disease
43
Grass awn is an example of _______ inflammation
Pyogranulomatous
44
Histoplasma capsulatum is an example of ________ inflammation
pyogranulomatous
45
Example of a disease that can cause lymphocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammation?
Leptospirosis - chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
46
What is the role of fibroblasts?
Produce collagen to help in repair
47
Phases of wound healing?
1. Inflammation 2. Proliferation 3. Maturation
48
Inflammation occurs in ________ days
1-4
49
The proliferation phase of wound healing lasts for ___________
Up to 3 weeks
50
Maturation process of wound healing lasts how long?
Up to 2 years
51
What happens in the inflammation phase of wound healing?
Haemostasis, acute inflamm, then neuts and macs remove dead tissue and exudate
52
What phase of wound healing involves filling the space with granulation tissue?
Proliferation
53
What happens during the proliferation phase of wound healing?
Granulation tissue fills the space Involves fibroplasia and angiogenesis
54
What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?
- A scar is formed - fibrosis - Deposition of collagen by fibroblasts - Ongoing remodeling of collagen - immature to mature connective tissue
55
Gross appearance of granulation tissue?
Pink to red, bleeds easily, granular in appearance
56
What does granulation tissue look like histologically?
Fibroblasts and newly formed blood vessels (angiogenesis)
57
What does fibrosis look like histologically?
Abundant newly formed capillaries Waves of fibrous CT (collagen from fibroblasts)
58
What is a granuloma?
Nodular structure formed by macrophages A type of chronic inflammatory response
59
What is granulation tissue?
proliferation of fibroblasts and capillaries formed during repair process
60
Regeneration vs repair?
Regen - necrotic tissue replaced by tissue similar to the original Repair - injured tissue replaced by fibrous tissue
61
Characteristics of first intention healing?
- Simple, uncomplicated healing - Occurs rapidly - Wounds have opposed edges -ECM synthesized to fill gaps between opposed tissue - Leaves little trace of the wound Ex: clean, uninfected surgical wounds
62
Characteristics of 2nd intention healing?
- Complicated healing - Reduced tensile strength - Fibrous tissue fills the defect (haphazard) - Wounds have separated edges Ex: large defects or septic wounds with foreign bodies
63
________ stimulates proliferation and activation of fibroblasts which deposit collagen
TGF-beta from M2 macs
64
Systemic factors leading to poor tissue repair?
1. Malnutrition (Vit C deficiency in guinea pigs) 2. Metabolic status (Ex: Diabetes mellitus) 3. Circulatory status (Ex: CHF) 4. Hormones (Ex: Glucocorticoids)
65
Local factors that can lead to poor tissue repair?
1. Infection 2. Foreign bodies 3. Mechanical factors 4. Size, location and type of wound
66
Examples of labile cells?
1. Surface epithelium 2. Epithelium of GI tract, urinary tract, and uterus 3. Splenic, lymphoid, and hematopoietic tissue **regenerates after injury
67
________ cells proliferate throughout life and are continuously replaced
Labile
68
Examples of stable/quiescent cells?
1. SM 2. Fibroblasts 3. Vascular endothelial cells 4. Epithelial cells of liver, kidney, lung, and pancreas
69
Is an ovariohysterectomy an example of first or 2nd intention healing?
1st

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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