Inflammation - Paraschou

Question 1

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 2

What is the purpose of fibrin formation in extravascular areas?

Answer 2

1. Confines stimulus to an isolated area
2. Provides leukocytes w a target
3. Framework for fibroblast + endothelial cell migration in wound healing

Question 3

Exudates have _______ protein and _____ NCC

Answer 3

HIGH PROTEIN , HIGH NCC

Question 4

Transudates have _______ protein and _____ NCC

Answer 4

LOW PROTEIN , LOW NCC

Question 5

_________ is a fluid type that has a high protein concentration, contains inflamm cells, and cellular debris

Answer 5

Exudates

Question 6

__________ is a fluid type that occurs due to imbalances in osmotic or hydrostatic P

Answer 6

Transudates

Question 7

__________ is a fluid type that is NOT associated with an increase in vascular permeability

Answer 7

Transudate

Question 8

What cell types can be found in pus?

Answer 8

leukocytes (WBCs) MOSTLY NEUTROPHILS, dead cell debris , microbes

• appears yellowish, classified as a purulent exudate

Question 9

What is the first step in inflammation?

Answer 9

Vasodilation

Question 10

What happens during vasodilation?

Answer 10

1st step of inflammation

• Mast cells release histamine
• Leads to hyperemia (redness due to increase in blood to area)

Question 11

What is the 2nd step in inflammation? Explain what happens during this step

Answer 11

increased vascular permeability

• Leakage of plasma
• Fibrinogen turns to fibrin: appears yellow and stringy on organ/tissue

Question 12

What is the 3rd step in inflammation? Explain what happens during this step

Answer 12

Emigration of leukocytes

1. Margination
2. Rolling
3. Adhesion
4. Emigration
5. Chemotaxis

Question 13

_______ help in the rolling process of inflammation by weak binding and tethering

Answer 13

Selectins

Question 14

_______ help in adhesion by binding firmly to leukocytes

Answer 14

Integrins

Question 15

___________ is also known as diapedesis

Answer 15

Leukocyte Extravasation

Question 16

What are exogenous agents that stimulate chemotaxis?

Answer 16

Bacterial products

Question 17

What are endogenous agents that stimulate chemotaxis?

Answer 17

1. C5a
2. Arachidonic acid metabolites
3. Chemokines

Question 18

__________ are the first cell to arrive during acute inflammation

Answer 18

Neutrophils

Question 19

What is the result of activation of surface receptors on leukocytes?

Answer 19

1. Production of arachidonic acid metabolites from phospholipid membranes
2. Degranulation + secretion of lysosomal enzymes + oxidative burst
3. Cytokine secretion

Question 20

Who is in charge of phagocytosis in the 4th step of inflammation?

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

How does termination of inflammation occur?

Answer 21

Switch from pro-inflamm leukotrienes to anti-inflamm lipoxins, cytokines, and neural impulses that LIMIT macrophage TNF production

Question 22

_________ produce growth factors that initiate the process of repair and resolution

Answer 22

M2 Macrophages

Question 23

What cell type is most associated with termination of inflammation?

Answer 23

Macrophages - helps w resolution

Question 24

________ cells are involved in inflammation and coagulation

Answer 24

Endothelial

Question 25

What are the primary azurophilic granules contained in neutrophils?

Answer 25

1. Myeloperoxidase
2. Hydrolases
3. Defensins - forms hole in cell membrane
4. Lysozymes - breaks down cell wall of bacT

Question 26

What are examples of the secondary granules contained in neutrophils?

Answer 26

1. Lactoferrin - takes iron away so bacT cant survive
2. Collagenase

Question 27

Eosinophil production in bone marrow is stimulated by ________

Answer 27

IL-5 / GM-CSF

Question 28

How do basophils play a role in inflammation?

Answer 28

1. Promotes hypersensitivity rxns
2. Attracts eosinophils

Question 29

_______ cells are found in chronic inflammation

Answer 29

Lymphocytes + plasma cells