return to the church of rome Flashcards
cardinal pole
arrived in England in Nov 1554
marked the decisive stage in the restoration of roman catholicism
Nov 1554
parliament passed the Second Statute of Repeal, which ended Royal supremacy and returned England to papal authority by repealing all religious legislation of the reign of Henry VIII back to the break with Rome
restoration of the monasteries
she had to forgo her plans for a full-scale restoration as the nobility had bought it, showing she had to recognise the authority of the parliament over religion
persecution
parliament approved the restoration fo the old heresy laws
first protestant burnt for heresy on 4 Feb 1555 and Hooper five days later
bishops
in Oct 1555 Ridley and Latimer were executed in Oxford
Cranmer followed in March 1556
death of Gardiner
the death of Gardiner in Nov 1555 had removed a trusted and restraining influence and thereafter the regime became more repressive
last three years of her reign
274 executions took place
exceeded the number in any other catholic country on the continent over the same period, even though much less than some other periods
this modifies the claim by some historians that the Marian regime was more moderate than those on the continent
mary’s popularity
it waned and there was widespread revulsion in the south-east of England
to many people Catholicism became firmly linked with dislike of Rome and Spain
local authorities
either ignored or tried to avoid enforcing the unpopular legislation
people fleeing
abroad increased - this reinforced the opposition on the continent, which began to flood England with anti-Catholic books and pamphlets
Jan 1554 800 protestants fled to Germany and Switzerland
before 1555
people were generally undecided about religion, the Marian repression succeeded in creating a core of higly committed English protestants
ecclesiastical revenues
there was insufficient resources available to reorganise the Marian church effectively
Pope Julius III
died in 1555
the new pope, Paul IV, disliked Pole and hated the Spanish Habsburg
he stripped Pole of his title of Papal Legate and ordered him to return to Rome
Archbishop of Canterbury Pole
rome refused to recognise his authority, which hindered his work as he couldn’t appoint bishops and by 1558, 7 sees were open
this is little to convince anyone to go towards the return of Rome
Mary’s death
Nov 1558
came too soon for catholic reform to have any lasting effect
bulk of population
it is almost impossible to decide whether the bulk of the population leant towards Catholicism or Protestantism
ruling elites
historians believe that the ruling elites accepted the principle of royal supremacy and were prepared to conform to whichever religion was preferred by the monarch
lower orders
are considered to have had a conservative affection for the traditional forms of worship, however, they often followed the ruling elites
local elites
whatever legislation was passed in parliament depended on the attitudes of the local elites and parish authorities
small minorities
of committed protestants and Catholics
neither religion seems to have had a strong hold in England when Mary died
Gardiner
despite encouraging reform, he was unenthusiastic about returning to Papal authority
royal supremacy
would end if returned to Papal authority
royal supremacy was strongly supported by ruling and landed elites
second act of uniformity
was suspended and she restored the mass
there was no public outcry
traditional view
that people were leaning towards reform but supported for primarily due to her ri`ghtful claim
her appeal
Haigh - religion was “one of the elements of Mary’s appeal”
some opposition
in London, Kent and Essex - protestant strongholds
shows changes were not universally accepted
public opinion
Christopher Haigh - suggests Mary worked with the tide of popular opinion
