return to the church of rome

Question 1

cardinal pole

Answer 1

arrived in England in Nov 1554

marked the decisive stage in the restoration of roman catholicism

Question 2

Nov 1554

Answer 2

parliament passed the Second Statute of Repeal, which ended Royal supremacy and returned England to papal authority by repealing all religious legislation of the reign of Henry VIII back to the break with Rome

Question 3

restoration of the monasteries

Answer 3

she had to forgo her plans for a full-scale restoration as the nobility had bought it, showing she had to recognise the authority of the parliament over religion

Question 4

persecution

Answer 4

parliament approved the restoration fo the old heresy laws

first protestant burnt for heresy on 4 Feb 1555 and Hooper five days later

Question 5

bishops

Answer 5

in Oct 1555 Ridley and Latimer were executed in Oxford

Cranmer followed in March 1556

Question 6

death of Gardiner

Answer 6

the death of Gardiner in Nov 1555 had removed a trusted and restraining influence and thereafter the regime became more repressive

Question 7

last three years of her reign

Answer 7

274 executions took place

exceeded the number in any other catholic country on the continent over the same period, even though much less than some other periods

this modifies the claim by some historians that the Marian regime was more moderate than those on the continent

Question 8

mary’s popularity

Answer 8

it waned and there was widespread revulsion in the south-east of England

to many people Catholicism became firmly linked with dislike of Rome and Spain

Question 9

local authorities

Answer 9

either ignored or tried to avoid enforcing the unpopular legislation

Question 10

people fleeing

Answer 10

abroad increased - this reinforced the opposition on the continent, which began to flood England with anti-Catholic books and pamphlets

Jan 1554 800 protestants fled to Germany and Switzerland

Question 11

before 1555

Answer 11

people were generally undecided about religion, the Marian repression succeeded in creating a core of higly committed English protestants

Question 12

ecclesiastical revenues

Answer 12

there was insufficient resources available to reorganise the Marian church effectively

Question 13

Pope Julius III

Answer 13

died in 1555

the new pope, Paul IV, disliked Pole and hated the Spanish Habsburg

he stripped Pole of his title of Papal Legate and ordered him to return to Rome

Question 14

Archbishop of Canterbury Pole

Answer 14

rome refused to recognise his authority, which hindered his work as he couldn’t appoint bishops and by 1558, 7 sees were open

this is little to convince anyone to go towards the return of Rome

Question 15

Mary’s death

Answer 15

Nov 1558

came too soon for catholic reform to have any lasting effect

Question 16

bulk of population

Answer 16

it is almost impossible to decide whether the bulk of the population leant towards Catholicism or Protestantism

Question 17

ruling elites

Answer 17

historians believe that the ruling elites accepted the principle of royal supremacy and were prepared to conform to whichever religion was preferred by the monarch

Question 18

lower orders

Answer 18

are considered to have had a conservative affection for the traditional forms of worship, however, they often followed the ruling elites

Question 19

local elites

Answer 19

whatever legislation was passed in parliament depended on the attitudes of the local elites and parish authorities

Question 20

small minorities

Answer 20

of committed protestants and Catholics

neither religion seems to have had a strong hold in England when Mary died

Question 21

Gardiner

Answer 21

despite encouraging reform, he was unenthusiastic about returning to Papal authority

Question 22

royal supremacy

Answer 22

would end if returned to Papal authority

royal supremacy was strongly supported by ruling and landed elites

Question 23

second act of uniformity

Answer 23

was suspended and she restored the mass

there was no public outcry

Question 24

traditional view

Answer 24

that people were leaning towards reform but supported for primarily due to her ri`ghtful claim

Question 25

her appeal

Answer 25

Haigh - religion was “one of the elements of Mary’s appeal”

Question 26

some opposition

Answer 26

in London, Kent and Essex - protestant strongholds

shows changes were not universally accepted

Question 27

public opinion

Answer 27

Christopher Haigh - suggests Mary worked with the tide of popular opinion