her personality

Question 1

Renard

Answer 1

his assessment is that she was “good, easily influenced, inexpert in worldly matters and a novice all round”

Question 2

Elizabethan propagandists

Answer 2

were eager to portray her as a weak and unsuccessful pro-Spanish monarch

Question 3

protestant reformers

Answer 3

reviled her as a cruel tyrant trying to enforce Catholicism through torture and burnings - ‘Bloody Mary’

Question 4

revisal of the critical appraisal

Answer 4

she showed skill and resolution in defeating Northumberland’s ‘coup d’etat’

Question 5

restoration of catholicism indecision

Answer 5

she has been criticised for her indecision

has been interpreted as masterly political inactivity and pretended weakness, designed to win greater concessions from the Papacy and Habsburgs

Question 6

her weaknesses

Answer 6

not in her character or policies but in the lack of an heir to consolidate her position

it is suggested that she also had the broad majority of the people’s support until 1555

Question 7

first major issue of the reign

Answer 7

her political inexperience and stubbornness is shown in her marriage

Paget favoured her decision of Spain, Gardiner favoured Courtenay

Question 8

Courtenay

Answer 8

a descendant of Plantagenet kings and a marriage to him would’ve strengthened the Tudor dynasty

mary favoured a link with the Habsburgs

Question 9

marriage treaty

Answer 9

7 Dec

she disregarded all opposition to her plans

end of Jan 1554, anti-Spanish feelings had led to rebellion

Question 10

Wyatt rebellion

Answer 10

Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir James Croft and Sir Peter Carew- all had held position under Henry and Edward

feared growing Spanish influence would endanger their own positions

Question 11

local and central government

Answer 11

remained largely unchanged

privy council remained the centre of administration

Question 12

criticisms of Mary’s privy council

Answer 12

too large to conduct business effectively

at times the membership was 43

Question 13

size of council

Answer 13

led to suggestions that it caused rivalry between the Catholics, led by Gardiner and moderates, led by Paget

Question 14

financial problems

Answer 14

Mary had given away more crown lands to re-establish monastic foundations

important to find new resources of income

Question 15

exchequer

Answer 15

remained the main financial department

took over the work of the court of first fruits and tenths- clerical taxation

and the court of Augmentations- administered income from monastic and chantry lands

Question 16

court of wards

Answer 16

collected feudal taxation

retained its independence

Question 17

remove debased coins

Answer 17

it was planned to remove a large number, but Mary died so the scheme wasn’t put into effect until 1560

Question 18

1552

Answer 18

proposal to revise custom rates

increased custom revenue from £29,000-£85,000

Question 19

economic situation

Answer 19

grew even worse during her reign

due to a series of bad harvests and epidemics of sweating sickness, bubonic plague and influenza

Question 20

towns

Answer 20

were badly hit with the sicknesses and had high mortality rates and severe food shortages

Question 21

1551

Answer 21

English ships began to trade along the North African coast

Question 22

Philip’s arrival

Answer 22

in early 1557 and his success at drawing the country into war against France, marked the final stage of Mary’s growing unpopularity

Question 23

last two years of her reign

Answer 23

saw rising anti-Spanish feelings, mounting to opposition to religious persecution and discontent with the adverse economic conditions

Question 24

war with france and loss of Calais

Answer 24

united the country against the ailing queen

on her death in 1558 was marked with enthusiasm

Question 25

not a reign of complete sterility

Answer 25

important reforms had been made and the constitutional monarchy and state machinery was still intact

Question 26

loss of calais

Answer 26

seen as a national disaster, it can be interpreted as a crucial moment when England turned tis attention away from the fruitless continental conquests towards opportunities in the new world