Retrieval

Question 1

what is retrerival?

Answer 1

the process of getting information back out of LTM

Question 2

Process of retrieval

Answer 2

job of retrieval is to use cues to find target memory
cues: pieces of info that are associated with memory
target memory: the thing that you actually want to get back

Question 3

why does process of retrieval work?

Answer 3

because memories are linked to each other through associations
cat-dog
link to memories in other ways
ex: what did you see yesterday?

Question 4

Memory research

Answer 4

when we begin to look through our memories we start with cues.
did you see animals yesterday?
search recent memories for animals. animal is associated with squirrel.

-cues can also be other kinds of related content
representation of squirrel like an ornament or sticker

Question 5

Spreading Activation

Answer 5

given multiple cues we retrieve the other cues to retrieve a complete memory
the memory will be brought back because we thought of all the features. The activation spreads out to other pieces of the memory and eventually if becomes active
- think of other cues of the characteristic squirrel’s sre gray, furry. collect.

retrieving features that were not cued is called pattern completion.

process during and after retrieval monitor whether memories are actually wanted.

Question 6

You and a friend are talking about your favorite
restaurants. You want to tell her about your favorite
sushi place, so you retrieve all the details from
memory. ______ was the cue for retrieval, and ______
was retrieved through pattern completion.
A. The name of the restaurant; the menu
B. Being a favorite restaurant; the menu
C. Remembering yesterday; a squirrel
D. The menu; being a favorite restaurant

Answer 6

B. Being a favorite restaurant; the menu

Question 7

What happens when retrieval goes wrong?( 1 & 2)

Answer 7

1) tip of the tongue state- when we know information, but cannot successfully retrieve it.
ex: name of capitol cities
sometimes we say “i know is starts with an A”

2) When recall is influenced by a schema, even when
that schema may not be correct for that situation
Schema: a kind of conceptual organization that can
help us encode and retrieve information
Ex. What’s usually in a restaurant?
sometimes schemas can hurt us when they are incorrect

Question 8

STUDY: Della Sala et al (1993)
Tested memory for famous faces in people

Answer 8

Tested memory for famous faces in people with
prefrontal cortex damage
faces from different decades. from before brian damage and some after

results: 2 groups of people, people same age did not have damage, people who have the damage

regardless of when the famous face was learned, there was still difficulty retrieving the information because of the prefrontal cortex damage.

Question 9

Loftus and Palmer (1973)
Watched the same video of a traffic accident

Answer 9

Watched the same video of a traffic accident
answer the question: how fast were the cars going when they ___ each other
got different verbs, “contacted, hit
if we get a low speed verb our estimated of how fast the speed is going.

results: estimated miles per hours based on the word we got from the video, when we are asked the question how fast a car is going we are fishing our features we answer
impacted by the types of phrasing.

Question 10

Brewer and Treyens (1981)
what typically is found in an office?

Answer 10

what typically is found in an office?
items that are normal and not normal to be in an office.
subjects waited in this office, then asked about what was in the office.
Falsely remembered objects you would expect in an
office, but that weren’t actually there
Due to reconstruction based on a schema of what is
typically in an office

results: reconstructing the office based off of their office schema.

Question 11

Alisha is looking for a place to get coffee. She
remembers that there is a tea shop nearby, and that
she has seen coffee on the menu there before.
However, when she gets there, they tell her that they
only have tea and never had coffee. What kind of
memory error do you think is occurring?
Incorrect reconstruction based on a schema
A. Incorrect reconstruction based on a schema
B. A source monitoring error
C. Cryptomnesia
D. A tip-of-the-tongue state

Answer 11

A. Incorrect reconstruction based on a schema

or B. A source monitoring error
that she hear somewhere else and she remembered the source incorrectly

Question 12

Attention
Fernandes and Moscovitch (2000, 2003)

Answer 12

in the same way attention is necessary for encoding , it is also important for retrieval

Main task: recall lists of words that they had heard
previously
Secondary task: make judgments about unrelated
items on a screen

result: doing any secondary task made retrieval more difficult, retrieval requires attention

Question 13

What makes a good cue? 1

Answer 13

cues should be relevant and meaningful

Question 14

What makes a good cue? 2

Answer 14

the number of cues, more cues are always more helpful

Question 15

What makes a good cue? 3

Answer 15

the cues should be storngly assocaited with the target memoy
some cues are strongly associated

Question 16

Badre and Wagner (2007)
word association

Answer 16

when people are trying to learn the work flame and candle were easier than halo and candle, they are weakly associated

Question 17

Retrieval Strategy

Answer 17

we can use schemas to retrieve memory more successful
this may be particularly useful if we also adopted this organization

Question 18

Anderson and Pichert (1978)
Read a story: two boys skipping school

Answer 18

a story about two boys skipping school and
hiding at one of their houses
Instructed to adapt either the perspective of a burglar
or a home buyer during reading
results: more burglar pieces of info was found in the burglary perspective group, more home buyer info was found in the homebuyer perspective

the strategy of encoding is affecting

Question 19

You need to go to office hours, and you are trying to
remember the name of the TA for the class. You can’t
remember until you pull out the notebook you usually
use in that class, and suddenly remember that it’s
Jack. What probably happened?
A. You have created a false memory
B. You used a retrieval strategy
C. The notebook was a relevant cue to your TA’s
name
D. None of these

Answer 19

C. The notebook was a relevant cue to your TA’s
name

Question 20

The role of context

Answer 20

context can be a cue for encoding
Context cues: the conditions under which a
target was encoded
Sometimes, context consists of when or where an
item was encoded
Other times, context involves accidental things that happened when encoding

Question 21

Environmental context

Answer 21

the tine and place where the memory was made
the time and place can be intentional to remember or not intentional

intentional: looking for keys focusing on the recent places that you have might put them.
unintentional: the environmental cues can bring back memory that we do not try to retrieve
stand by the kitchen door in the morning, realize you forgot to take out the garbage

Question 22

incidental context:

Answer 22

sometimes not a big deal but others such a big deal memory is affected

Question 23

Context Dependent
Memory

Answer 23

Retrieval depends on being in a similar physical
context as encoding
outside

Question 24

STUDY: Godden and Baddeley (1975)
underwater study

Answer 24

Being underwater is a very different physical
experience to being on land
Encoding in weird environment we can encode and retrieve better
4
2 groups : encoded words on land or on water then we retrieve the words on land or water
2 groups were encoding in the same environments and 2 of them were encding in differen

results; When we learned the words in the dry environment and recall them in the dry water we retrieved them better
but when we learned things in different environments then our retrieval is harder

Question 25

STUDY; State dependent memory
Miles and Hardman (1998)
heart rate study

Answer 25

differ-net internal start
withing
may happen by alchohol, drugs,
Encoded words with normal or elevated heart rate
Then recalled words with normal or elevated heart rate

result: if we both learned and retrieve words when our heart rates are at rest retrieval was good
if we learned and retrieve with high heart rate then our retrieval was good
but when there is a mix of the 2, the retrieval was bad

Question 26

Mood dependent memory

Answer 26

information of any type that is learned in a mood is easier to recall in that mood; affects neutral memories
- words or facts

Question 27

Eich, Macaulay, and Ryan (1994)

Answer 27

moon congruent memory
some people encoding and retrieving with same and different mood
happy when we encode and happy when we retrieve better at the task

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of context-dependent memory?
A. It is easier to retrieve information you encoded
while drinking caffeine if you drink a cup of coffee
B. It is harder to remember information you encoded
while you were happy when you are upset
C. It is easier for astronauts to remember information
they learned in space while they are weightless

Answer 28

It is easier for astronauts to remember information
they learned in space while they are weightless
how different it feels in space than bound to earth on gravity

Question 29

Tasks and Theories: Signal Detection Theory

Answer 29

recall: draw from memory
recognition: whether you saw an item or not
some item in memory are more active than others
active memories will see more familiar, but different people will have different threshold at which they say an item was seen before
this is enough familiarly for me, i will just say hi. or i do not know her enough I will not say hu
hit: correctly identify an old item
miss: identify an old item as new
false alarm: identyfing a new item as old
correct rejection: correctly identifying a new item.

Question 30

Recognition Memory

Answer 30

at what level if familiarity do you catgorixe
loose criterion: Say yes to most items!

strict criterion: Say no to most itmes
few new items re false alarms but more old items sre misses

Question 31

what happens when retrieval goes wrong? (3 & 4)

Answer 31

3) We must reconstruct the features of a memory in
order to retrieve it
During this process, memories are susceptible to being
reconstructed incorrectly
4) memory research must check if memories are corrected and real and where they come from
source memory: where ew got the memory from
source monitoring error: when we do not correctly remember the source of a memory
cryptomesia: when people believe they have generated something that is actually a memory with a forgotten source.
stay with me vs dont back dow: when we think we thought of something but we just forgot it was a memory all together.

Question 32

mood congruent memory:

Answer 32

information that matches the mood is easier to recall.