- Emotional reward - Drug dependency - projects limbic system and nucleus accumbens (release dopamine)

reticular formation lecture Flashcards by asw asw

what is the central core of the brainstem?

reticular formation

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the reticular formation extends to the ______ as the _______

the cerebrum as the hypothalamus

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the reticular formation is important in the regulation of:

Posture
Some stereotypic motor behaviors
The internal environment
Pain
Sleep and wakefulness
Emotional tone

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what are the 3 major cell columns of the reticular formation

Median reticular formation
Paramedian reticular formation
Lateral reticular formation

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Median reticular formation is made of what

raphe nuclei

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the Paramedian reticular formation is made from what type of neurons

magnocellular

neurons

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the Lateral reticular formation is made of ______ neurons

parvocellular neurons

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what are the inputs of the reticular formation?

Lateral group from:
Ascending sensory pathways
(Special senses- balance, hearing)

Paramedian group under control from:
Lateral group
Motor cortex

Midline group gets input from:
Prefrontal cortex
Hypothalamus

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outputs of the reticular formation:

-Lateral group to:
Medial reticular formation

-Paramedian group to:
Lateral group
Motor cortex

-Midline group to:
Many areas of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus 
Amygdala
Spinal cord posterior horn
Trigeminal sensory nuclei

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what is the other name for serotonin?

5-HT

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which neurons are serotonergic?

raphe nuclei

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where do raphe nuclei extend to

project to all regions of the cortex

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what is the effect of serotonin on the brain?

A) minimize distractions
B) involved in day-night cycles
C) suppresses pain
D) elevates mood

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what 2 structures are involved in the release of dopamine?

A) substantia nigra

B) Ventral tegmental area

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substantia nigra

projects to basal ganglia Important in motor control

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Ventral tegmental area (Limbic system) divisions

1) Mesocortical fibers

2) Mesolimbic fibers (Nucleus accumbens)

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Mesolimbic fibers

Emotional reward
Drug dependency
projects limbic system and nucleus accumbens

(release dopamine)

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Mesocortical fibers

Organized thinking & planning

projects to entire cortex
-mainly prefrontal cortex

(release dopamine)

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name the 3 structures associated with norepinephrine release in the brain

Solitary nucleus (in the midbrain)
-memory enhancement

Locus ceruleus

ventrolateral medulla

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Locus ceruleus

projects to entire cerebral cortex

—alerts cortex to novel stimuli (potential threats)

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ventrolateral medulla

projects to spinal cord

-pain inhibition

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what are the 2 structures of the reticular formation associated with acetylcholine release?

1) dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

2) basal forebrain (basal nucleus)

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Dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

A) important in ascending reticular activating systems

B) control of sleep and wakefulness

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Basal forebrain

Supports cognition

- lost in alzheimer’s patients

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what does the ascending reticular activating system consist of?

Consists of ACh, NE, and 5HT neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.

what are the 2 projections of the ascending reticular activating system?

1) to the thalamus- alert cerebral cortex and maintain wakefulness 2) to the preoptic portion of hypothalamus- block sleep

what produces wakefulness by inhibiting activity of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

ascending reticular activating system

Once every 24 hours the _______ becomes dominant and switches off the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to produce sleep.

preoptic area

Once in the awake mode the __________ maintains wakefulness

lateral hypothalmus

pattern generators are involved in what type of patterns?

pre-calculated and rhythmic motor patterns

what nuclei is involved in locomotion?

Gigantocellular nuclei | -posture and locomotion

what structure is involved in eye movement control? (pattern generator)

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) | -calculates eye movement signals

which structure regulates the rhythmic motions of chewing?

supratrigeminal nucleus

what does the supratrigeminal nucleus activate in an alternating pattern?

jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles

what is sleep bruxism?

a stereotyped movement disorder | characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep.

what are the 2 theories of bruxism based on?

One implicates malocclusion | The second relates it to sleep disorders

What are the inputs to the PAG? | periaqueductal gray

ascending sensory systems limbic system

what is the limbic system often called?

the "emotional brain"

what are the outputs of the PAG?

Lower brainstem reticular formation - Nucleus raphe magnus - Trigeminal spinal nucleus - Spinal cord

what is the role of the PAG in pain?

PAG inhibits incoming pain signals

what does the PAG initiate?

defensive and reproductive behaviors "PAG= panic behaviors"

location of the cerebellum

posterior cranial fossa below tentorium cerebelli

function of the cerebellum:

A) provides motor coordination B) monitors ongoing motor activity C) adjust output of motor cortex and several motor nuclei

What are the 3 subdivisions of the cerebellum?

1) vestibulocerebellum 2) spinocerebellum 3) neocerebellum/pontocerebellum

Major parts of the vestibulocerebellum

A) flocculonodular lobe | B) fastigial nucleus

major parts of the spinocerebellum

A) vermis and paravermal cortex B) interposed nucleus -globulose nucleus - emboliform nucleus

major parts of the Pontocerebellum/neocerebellum

A) Lateral hemisphere | B) Dentate nucleus

what are the 3 cortical regions of the cerebellum

1) vestibulocerebellum 2) spinocerebellum 3) Pontocerebellum

name the 3 cerebellar nuclei

1) Fastigial nucleus 2) Interposed nucleus 3) Dentate nucleus

what are the 3 major cells of the cerebellum?

A) Granular cell B) Purkinje cell C) cerebellar nuclear cell

zones and microzones of the cerebellum include groups of _______

Purkinje cells

parallel fibers are made from which type of cell?

granular cells

Parallel fibers run parallel to ___

folia

purkinje cell dendrites are _______ to parallel fibers

perpendicular

what are served by input fibers from a single area (cerebellum)

zones and microzones

what are the major input fibers to the cerebellum? where do they arise?

mossy fibers arise from spinal cord and brainstem sensory pathways

granular cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) and give rise to what?

excitatory give rise to parallel fibers

what activates granular cells? what does this cause?

- mossy fibers activate granular cells | - cause simple spike from purkinje cells

purkinje cell axons are ____ and are the only cerebellar fibers to do what?

inhibitory only fibers to leave the cerebellar cortex

where do climbing fibers come from? what do they provide

-arise from inferior olive - provide excitatory input to purkinje dendrites A) causes COMPLEX spikes

interneruons (stellate, basket and golgi neurons) in the cerebellum are _____

GABAergic (inhibitory)

The CTCC loop: what does CTCC stand for?

Cerebello-Thalamo-Cerebro-Cortical loop

what cells project to cerebellar nuclei?

purkinje cells

cerebellar nuclei project to where?

Thalamus | - the VA and VL

the thalamus projects to what area in the CTCC loop?

motor cortex

the motor cortex projects to what structure in the CTCC loop?

basilar pons

the basilar pons projects _____ to granular cells

mossy fibers

Granular cells project to ______

purkinje cells

what does the Olivo-cerebellar circuit control?

controls timing over short-term | tens to hundreds of milliseconds

activation of climbing fibers to produce purkinje complex spikes is called what?

an "error" or "teaching" signal

name the 3 peduncles: which are input/output

A) inferior cerebellar peduncle B) middle cerebellar peduncle C) superior cerebellar peduncle inferior and middle are both input superior peduncle is output

Vestibulocerebellum consists of what ? whats its function?

flocculonodular lobe Function: Coordination of eye movements Balance

what are the inputs/outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

- Input :vestibular end organ and vestibular nuclei | - Output: fastigial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei

Spinocerebellum consists of what? whats its function?

Consists of vermis and paravermal hemisphere coordination of spinal cord & balance

outputs of spinocerebellum go to where?

red nucleus VA/VL thalamus

Pontocerebellum: what does it consist of ? what is its function

Consists of lateral hemisphere coordination of upper extremity and speech

The _____ and ______ of the thalamus are the targets of the pontocerebellum

Red nucleus VA/VL of thalamus

in the CTCC loop, spinocerebellar feedback goes to the _______

cerebellar cortex

in the CTCC loop, the signals go from the cerebellar cortex to the ______

cerebellar nucleus

in the CTCC loop, fibers exiting the thalamus enter the ______

motor cortex

effects of a lesion in the vestibulocerebellum

A) Nystagmus - back and forth eye movements B) Truncal ataxia - disturbances in balance while seated remember: vestibulocerebellum controls balance and eye control

lesion of the spinocerebellum leads to what?

A) stance and gait ataxia the reason you fall off the porch when you're drunk

effects of lesion in the pontocerebellum

controls arm and speech A) Dysdiadochokinesia - rapid alternating movements B) Dysarthria - scanning or explosive speech the finger to the nose test when you're drunk

reticular formation lecture Flashcards

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