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Neuro- exam 3 > reticular formation lecture > Flashcards

reticular formation lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central core of the brainstem?

A

reticular formation

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2
Q

the reticular formation extends to the ______ as the _______

A

the cerebrum as the hypothalamus

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3
Q

the reticular formation is important in the regulation of:

A
  • Posture
  • Some stereotypic motor behaviors
  • The internal environment
  • Pain
  • Sleep and wakefulness
  • Emotional tone
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4
Q

what are the 3 major cell columns of the reticular formation

A

Median reticular formation
Paramedian reticular formation
Lateral reticular formation

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5
Q

Median reticular formation is made of what

A

raphe nuclei

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6
Q

the Paramedian reticular formation is made from what type of neurons

A

magnocellular

neurons

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7
Q

the Lateral reticular formation is made of ______ neurons

A

parvocellular neurons

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8
Q

what are the inputs of the reticular formation?

A

Lateral group from:
Ascending sensory pathways
(Special senses- balance, hearing)

Paramedian group under control from:
Lateral group
Motor cortex

Midline group gets input from:
Prefrontal cortex
Hypothalamus

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9
Q

outputs of the reticular formation:

A

-Lateral group to:
Medial reticular formation

-Paramedian group to:
Lateral group
Motor cortex

-Midline group to:
Many areas of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus 
Amygdala
Spinal cord posterior horn
Trigeminal sensory nuclei
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10
Q

what is the other name for serotonin?

A

5-HT

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11
Q

which neurons are serotonergic?

A

raphe nuclei

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12
Q

where do raphe nuclei extend to

A

project to all regions of the cortex

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13
Q

what is the effect of serotonin on the brain?

A

A) minimize distractions
B) involved in day-night cycles
C) suppresses pain
D) elevates mood

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14
Q

what 2 structures are involved in the release of dopamine?

A

A) substantia nigra

B) Ventral tegmental area

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15
Q

substantia nigra

A

projects to basal ganglia Important in motor control

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16
Q

Ventral tegmental area (Limbic system) divisions

A

1) Mesocortical fibers

2) Mesolimbic fibers (Nucleus accumbens)

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17
Q

Mesolimbic fibers

A
  • Emotional reward
  • Drug dependency
  • projects limbic system and nucleus accumbens

(release dopamine)

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18
Q

Mesocortical fibers

A

Organized thinking & planning

projects to entire cortex
-mainly prefrontal cortex

(release dopamine)

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19
Q

name the 3 structures associated with norepinephrine release in the brain

A 
Solitary nucleus (in the midbrain)
-memory enhancement

Locus ceruleus

ventrolateral medulla

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20
Q

Locus ceruleus

A

projects to entire cerebral cortex

—alerts cortex to novel stimuli (potential threats)

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21
Q

ventrolateral medulla

A

projects to spinal cord

-pain inhibition

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22
Q

what are the 2 structures of the reticular formation associated with acetylcholine release?

A

1) dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

2) basal forebrain (basal nucleus)

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23
Q

Dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

A

A) important in ascending reticular activating systems

B) control of sleep and wakefulness

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24
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Supports cognition

- lost in alzheimer’s patients

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25
Q

what does the ascending reticular activating system consist of?

A

Consists of ACh, NE, and 5HT neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.

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26
Q

what are the 2 projections of the ascending reticular activating system?

A

1) to the thalamus- alert cerebral cortex and maintain wakefulness
2) to the preoptic portion of hypothalamus- block sleep

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27
Q

what produces wakefulness by inhibiting activity of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

A

ascending reticular activating system

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28
Q

Once every 24 hours the _______ becomes dominant and switches off the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to produce sleep.

A

preoptic area

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29
Q

Once in the awake mode the __________ maintains wakefulness

A

lateral hypothalmus

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30
Q

pattern generators are involved in what type of patterns?

A

pre-calculated and rhythmic motor patterns

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31
Q

what nuclei is involved in locomotion?

A

Gigantocellular nuclei

-posture and locomotion

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32
Q

what structure is involved in eye movement control? (pattern generator)

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

-calculates eye movement signals

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33
Q

which structure regulates the rhythmic motions of chewing?

A

supratrigeminal nucleus

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34
Q

what does the supratrigeminal nucleus activate in an alternating pattern?

A

jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles

35
Q

what is sleep bruxism?

A

a stereotyped movement disorder

characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep.

36
Q

what are the 2 theories of bruxism based on?

A

One implicates malocclusion

The second relates it to sleep disorders

37
Q

What are the inputs to the PAG?

periaqueductal gray

A

ascending sensory systems

limbic system

38
Q

what is the limbic system often called?

A

the “emotional brain”

39
Q

what are the outputs of the PAG?

A

Lower brainstem reticular formation

  • Nucleus raphe magnus
  • Trigeminal spinal nucleus
  • Spinal cord
40
Q

what is the role of the PAG in pain?

A

PAG inhibits incoming pain signals

41
Q

what does the PAG initiate?

A

defensive and reproductive behaviors

“PAG= panic behaviors”

42
Q

location of the cerebellum

A

posterior cranial fossa below tentorium cerebelli

43
Q

function of the cerebellum:

A

A) provides motor coordination
B) monitors ongoing motor activity
C) adjust output of motor cortex and several motor nuclei

44
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the cerebellum?

A

1) vestibulocerebellum
2) spinocerebellum
3) neocerebellum/pontocerebellum

45
Q

Major parts of the vestibulocerebellum

A

A) flocculonodular lobe

B) fastigial nucleus

46
Q

major parts of the spinocerebellum

A

A) vermis and paravermal cortex
B) interposed nucleus
-globulose nucleus
- emboliform nucleus

47
Q

major parts of the Pontocerebellum/neocerebellum

A

A) Lateral hemisphere

B) Dentate nucleus

48
Q

what are the 3 cortical regions of the cerebellum

A

1) vestibulocerebellum
2) spinocerebellum
3) Pontocerebellum

49
Q

name the 3 cerebellar nuclei

A

1) Fastigial nucleus
2) Interposed nucleus
3) Dentate nucleus

50
Q

what are the 3 major cells of the cerebellum?

A

A) Granular cell
B) Purkinje cell
C) cerebellar nuclear cell

51
Q

zones and microzones of the cerebellum include groups of _______

A

Purkinje cells

52
Q

parallel fibers are made from which type of cell?

A

granular cells

53
Q

Parallel fibers run parallel to ___

A

folia

54
Q

purkinje cell dendrites are _______ to parallel fibers

A

perpendicular

55
Q

what are served by input fibers from a single area (cerebellum)

A

zones and microzones

56
Q

what are the major input fibers to the cerebellum? where do they arise?

A

mossy fibers

arise from spinal cord and brainstem sensory pathways

57
Q

granular cells are (excitatory/inhibitory) and give rise to what?

A

excitatory

give rise to parallel fibers

58
Q

what activates granular cells? what does this cause?

A
  • mossy fibers activate granular cells

- cause simple spike from purkinje cells

59
Q

purkinje cell axons are ____ and are the only cerebellar fibers to do what?

A

inhibitory

only fibers to leave the cerebellar cortex

60
Q

where do climbing fibers come from? what do they provide

A

-arise from inferior olive

  • provide excitatory input to purkinje dendrites
    A) causes COMPLEX spikes
61
Q

interneruons (stellate, basket and golgi neurons) in the cerebellum are _____

A

GABAergic (inhibitory)

62
Q

The CTCC loop: what does CTCC stand for?

A

Cerebello-Thalamo-Cerebro-Cortical loop

63
Q

what cells project to cerebellar nuclei?

A

purkinje cells

64
Q

cerebellar nuclei project to where?

A

Thalamus

- the VA and VL

65
Q

the thalamus projects to what area in the CTCC loop?

A

motor cortex

66
Q

the motor cortex projects to what structure in the CTCC loop?

A

basilar pons

67
Q

the basilar pons projects _____ to granular cells

A

mossy fibers

68
Q

Granular cells project to ______

A

purkinje cells

69
Q

what does the Olivo-cerebellar circuit control?

A

controls timing over short-term

tens to hundreds of milliseconds

70
Q

activation of climbing fibers to produce purkinje complex spikes is called what?

A

an “error” or “teaching” signal

71
Q

name the 3 peduncles: which are input/output

A

A) inferior cerebellar peduncle
B) middle cerebellar peduncle
C) superior cerebellar peduncle

inferior and middle are both input

superior peduncle is output

72
Q

Vestibulocerebellum consists of what ?

whats its function?

A

flocculonodular lobe

Function:
Coordination of eye movements Balance

73
Q

what are the inputs/outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Input :vestibular end organ and vestibular nuclei

- Output: fastigial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei

74
Q

Spinocerebellum consists of what?

whats its function?

A

Consists of vermis and paravermal hemisphere

coordination of spinal cord & balance

75
Q

outputs of spinocerebellum go to where?

A

red nucleus

VA/VL thalamus

76
Q

Pontocerebellum:

what does it consist of ? what is its function

A

Consists of lateral hemisphere

coordination of upper extremity and speech

77
Q

The _____ and ______ of the thalamus are the targets of the pontocerebellum

A

Red nucleus

VA/VL of thalamus

78
Q

in the CTCC loop, spinocerebellar feedback goes to the _______

A

cerebellar cortex

79
Q

in the CTCC loop, the signals go from the cerebellar cortex to the ______

A

cerebellar nucleus

80
Q

in the CTCC loop, fibers exiting the thalamus enter the ______

A

motor cortex

81
Q

effects of a lesion in the vestibulocerebellum

A

A) Nystagmus - back and forth eye movements
B) Truncal ataxia - disturbances in balance while seated

remember: vestibulocerebellum controls balance and eye control

82
Q

lesion of the spinocerebellum leads to what?

A

A) stance and gait ataxia

the reason you fall off the porch when you’re drunk

83
Q

effects of lesion in the pontocerebellum

A

controls arm and speech
A) Dysdiadochokinesia - rapid alternating movements
B) Dysarthria - scanning or explosive speech

the finger to the nose test when you’re drunk

Neuro- exam 3 (9 decks)

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