limbic system lecture

Question 1

name the parts of the medial temporal lobe

Answer 1

A) perirhinal cortex
B) parahippocampal cortex
C) entorhinal cortex
D) hippocampal formation

Question 2

WHat are the cortical structures of the limbic lobe?

Answer 2

parahippocampal gyrus

cingulate gyrus

Question 3

what structures are closely related to the limbic lobe?

Answer 3

A) insular cortex
B) amygdala
C) nucleus accumbens

Question 4

Kluver-bucy syndrome is caused by what? what are the trademark symptoms?

Answer 4

caused by bilateral removal of temporal pole
causes:
A) compulsive manual manipulation of objects
B) insatiable appetite
C) showing your dong to people
D) sever amnesia

Question 5

What makes up the hippocampal formation?

Answer 5

A) subiculum
B) denate gyrus
C) hippocampus proper

Question 6

what are the “CA” of the hippocampus proper? what are they important for?

Answer 6

CA = cornu ammonis

important in declarative memory

Question 7

the CA of the hippocampus proper are sensitive to _____

Answer 7

temperature

Question 8

true or false: the hippocampus receives raw sensory data

Answer 8

FALSE

receives well digested cognitive info

Question 9

what are the sensory inputs to the hippocampus?

Answer 9

Visual input
auditory input
tactile input

Question 10

where to the outgoing fibers of the hippocampus go?

Answer 10

A) to sensory cortical areas
-memory
B) mammillary body
- motor response to memory

Question 11

Hippocampal summary: new memories are based on ________

Answer 11

past experience

Question 12

what is the “gateway to the hippocampus”?

Answer 12

entorhinal cortex

Question 13

the hippocampus contains concept neurons: pyramidal cells that recognize ________

Answer 13

a single entity

Question 14

past memory is ________

Answer 14

revised upon recall

Question 15

the hippocampus evaluates sensory for what type of content?

Answer 15

familiar/novel content

Question 16

declarative memories are memories that

Answer 16

can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge

Question 17

what is important for forming new memories?

Answer 17

emotional content

Question 18

where are concept cells found?

what do they respond to?

Answer 18

only in the hippocampus

respond to only one stimulus
- images, letters, spoken names

Question 19

where are new neurons produced throughout life?

Answer 19

A) oldfactory system

B) dentate gyrus

Question 20

list the flow of fibers in the circuit of Papez

Answer 20

• Hippocampal formation
• Fornix
• Mammillary body
• Mammillothalamic tract
• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
• Cingulate gyrus
• Cingulum
• Entorhinal cortex

Question 21

where does the circuit of Papez begin and end?

Answer 21

Begins: hippocampal formation

ends: entorhinal cortex

Question 22

lateral pain system- its path and function

Answer 22

Lateral thalamus -> VPM and
VPL-> postcentral gyrus

determines location of pain & monitor intensity

Question 23

Medial pain system: path and function

Answer 23

Medial thalamus -> cingulate cortex -> insular cortex

appreciation and control of subjective pain

Question 24

Regions of the cingulate cortex

Answer 24

Anterior cingulate cortex
Midcingulate cortex
Posterior cingulate cortex

Question 25

the inferior anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for the ________ system

Answer 25

autonomic

Question 26

the inferior midcingulate cortex is responsible for the ______ system

Answer 26

somatic motor

Question 27

which parts of the cingulate gyrus are activated by pain?

Answer 27

- Inferior anterior cingulate cortex - Inferior midcingulate cortex same regions involved in autonomic/somatic systems

Question 28

the anterior and midcingulate cortex are important in what?

Answer 28

register emotional states in response to sensory stimuli important in motivation - emotion-evoking stimuli operate in parallel with insular cortex

Question 29

anterior and midcingulate cortex interact with the ______

Answer 29

prefrontal cortex active cognition can suppress emotional reaction to pain

Question 30

Insular cortex receives sensory input from ________

Answer 30

"negative" stimuli - taste - pain - proprioception

Question 31

what is the "internal alarm system"? it is involved in the ______ appreciation of pain

Answer 31

insular cortex subjective appreciation in pain

Question 32

what are the 3 inputs to the amygdala?

Answer 32

A) sensory areas B) cerebral cortex C) hippocampus (reciprocal connection)

Question 33

what is the function of the amygdala? what is it a source of?

Answer 33

Evaluates sensory signals for emotional content source of emotions and fear directs response to social situations

Question 34

where do fibers of the amygdala travel to?

Answer 34

``` A) Hypothalamus and brainstem -autonomic responses B) orbitofrontal cortex - conscious anxiety C) cingulate cortex D) insular cortex ```

Question 35

where is the nucleus accumbens found? what does it function as?

Answer 35

located at base of septum pellucid the "reward center" of the brain - release dopamine

Question 36

amygdala is responsible for ______, while the septal area (nucleus accumbens) is responsible for ________

Answer 36

Amydgala = Anxiety Septal area = Satisfaction *just remember AA and SS

Question 37

high levels of ______ are the neuroanatomical basis for substance abuse

Answer 37

dopamine

Question 38

the _____ is the major source of acetylcholine (ACh) to the cerebral cortex. why is it important?

Answer 38

basal nucleus of meynert important in memory consolidation -cell loss = alzheimer's

Question 39

the ______ is involved in early Alzheimer's disease

Answer 39

hippocampal formation

Question 40

the "head ganglion of the autonomic nervous system" is another term for the what?

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

inputs to the hypothalamus

Answer 41

``` A) brainstem- autonomic afferent B) the retina C) limbic system -hippocampus (fornix - stria terminalis (amygdala) ```

Question 42

what are the outputs of the hypothalamus?

Answer 42

A) pituitary gland- endocrine control B) multisynaptic decending pathways - autonomic control fo internal environment

Question 43

when viewed from the right side, what nuclei of the hypothalamus are present?

Answer 43

A) paraventricular nuclei B) supraoptic nuclei C) suprachiasmatic nuclei D) ventromedial nucleus

Question 44

when looking at a cross-section of the hypothalamus, what important structures are seen?

Answer 44

- the lateral zone receiving sensory input | - important output nuclei medially

Question 45

what are the efferent fibers running to the pituitary gland

Answer 45

- Hypothalamoyhypophysial (say that 5 times fast) tract to the post. pituitary - hypophysial portal system anteriorly

Question 46

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project where?

Answer 46

directly to the posterior pituitary

Question 47

what neurotransmitters are released by the pituitary as a result of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?

Answer 47

1) Vasopressin (ADH) - reabsorption of water 2) oxytocin

Question 48

the ventromedial nucleus is known as the "_______"

Answer 48

satiety center if destroyed- voracious appetite

Question 49

anorexia can be caused by irritation to the ______

Answer 49

ventromedial nucleus

Question 50

Neurons in the _______ area begin to undergo apoptosis in females beginning at age 4

Answer 50

Preoptic area

Question 51

the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives direct input from what? what is its function?

Answer 51

the retina function to set the body's 24 hr clock