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Restorative Procedures > Restorative - Obj 1-3 - Week 2 PP > Flashcards

Restorative - Obj 1-3 - Week 2 PP Flashcards

1
Q

Restorative dentistry is…

A

includes all of the operative procedures involved in the restoration of defects in the enamel and/or dentin, in both primary and permanent dentition. The goal of restorative dentistry is to best restore the patient’s bite (occlusion) into a natural function for healthy mastication. Ex: cavity fillings, replacing failed restoration, replace missing teeth, abrasion or wearing away of tooth structure, erosion of tooth structure

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2
Q

Esthetic Dentistry

A

is devoted to improving the appearance of teeth by repairing imperfections with direct or indirect restorative materials or using whitening techniques. Conditions that result in the need for esthetic treatment examples.. discoloration, anomalies caused by developmental disturbances, abnormal spacing between teeth, trauma

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3
Q

Define Topical Anesthesia

A

Topical anesthesia has a temporary effect on the sensory nerve endings of the surface of the oral mucosa. The primary objective is to provide a numbing effect in a specific area where an injection is to take place.

Topical Anesthetic can be used to:

Numb tissue prior to injecting a local anesthetic
Provide temporary relief from the pain of ulcers, wounds, or denture sores
Prevent a patients gag reflex from occurring when taking X-rays or a Dental Impression

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4
Q

Analgesia

A

absence of normal sense of pain

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5
Q

Paresthesia

A

loss of sensation

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6
Q

Sedation

A

state of being calm

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7
Q

conscious sedation

A

is a depressed level of consciousness with the ability to maintain a patient’s airway

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8
Q

Active ingredients in topical anesthesia - what form are they available?

A

benzocain or lidocain - available in ointments, liquids, sprays, patches

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9
Q

Characteristics of Local Anesthesia

A

Nonirritating to tissues in area of injection
Minimal toxicity
rapid onset
completely eliminates pain during a procedure
sufficient duration
completely reversible
sterile or capable of being sterilized by heat without deterioration

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10
Q

DA’s role when applying topical anesthesia

A

The dental assistant checks with the dentist for instructions on the type of anesthetic and needle for the procedure. The dental assistant is then responsible for setting up all required materials and supplies for the procedure, reviewing the patient medical history, explaining the procedure to the patient and then applying topical in the area where treatment is to be performed. The dental assistant is then responsible for monitoring the patient for any concerns or adverse reactions while the topical anesthetic is placed.

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11
Q

Define Local Anesthetic

A

can be defined as a localized anesthetic that reduces the patient’s pain and provides comfort during dental care.

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12
Q

Method of Action for Local Anesthetic

A

A liquid anesthetic that is injected close to the nerve and diffuses (spreads) around the nerve and prevents the nerve from releasing its normal pain response. The dentist must inject a sufficient amount of anesthetic to ensure that the nerve fibers are completely permeated. The flow of the bloodstream will create a slow reverse the anesthetic response and the patient with eventually lose the numbed feeling in the area of the mouth that was anesthetized.

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13
Q

Chemical Composition of Local Anesthetic

A

Amides are used for local anesthetic and are metabolized by the patient’s liver.

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14
Q

Chemical Composition of Topical Anesthetic

A

Esters (benzocain, lidocaine) are typically used for topical anesthetics and metabolized by a patient’s plasma.

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15
Q

Induction Time

A

the time it takes for the anesthetic to take effect after the injection

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16
Q

Duration Time

A

the time it takes for the anesthetic to reverse back to the patient feeling no numbness
It depends on the type of anesthetic used.
Short acting: 30 minutes
Intermediate acting: 60 minutes (most commonly used in restorative dentistry)
Long acting: 90 minutes

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17
Q

Vasoconstrictors

A

Small quantities of vasoconstrictors can be added to an anesthetic to slow the uptake into the bloodstream to extend the duration time.

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18
Q

Types of vasoconstrictors

A

Epinephrine
Levonordefrine
Neo-Cobefrin

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19
Q

Types of injections

A

Maxillary
Palatal
Mandibular
Periodontal Ligament

(See MDA textbook pp. 505-506 Figs 37.3, 37.4, 37.5 for names and pictures of nerves site innervations)

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20
Q

When is local anesthetic used

A

Local anesthesia is used for dental procedures that have the potential to cause discomfort or pain.

It blocks sensations from teeth, soft tissue, and bone in the area of anesthetization and is used for many dental procedures.

Examples include:

Root planning and scaling
Restorative procedures (restoring teeth into function or esthetics)
Surgical procedures (extractions)
Prosthodontic procedures (crown and bridge)
Endodontic procedures (root canals)
Periodontal procedures (gingival surgery)

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21
Q

Exam (to assist dentist with diagnosing decay)

A

Use the mirror and explorer to detect cariogenic lesions (decay) decay on accessible tooth surfaces. Existing restorations are also evaluated for stability and integrity.

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22
Q

Clinical Observation/ Visual Evaluation (to assist dentist with diagnosing decay)

A

Perform a clinical observation to note any suspicious areas for decay for the dentist to follow-up for diagnosis.

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23
Q

X-rays (to assist dentist with diagnosing decay)

A

Take, process, and mount X-rays for the dentist to interpret and diagnose any conditions.

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24
Q

Indicator Dyes

A

Apply a carious indicator dye inside of the cavity preparation to indicate any decayed areas. *Dentist places to ensure all decay is removed prior to placing the restoration.

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25
Q

Caries Detection Devices

A

Several different varieties are available on the market. These devices function through different ways such as through detecting bacterial by-products, measuring differences in tooth structure and lasers which can reveal bacterial activity under the enamel surface.

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26
Q

Role of Dental Assistant

A
  1. Describe the Behaviour of Materials
    Materials all have specific behaviours once placed into the oral cavity, which can affect the success of a restoration.

When choosing materials to use, the material should:

  • Present no harm the patients’ health
  • Be easy enough to use
  • Be able to withstand the patient’s oral conditions
    2. Handle Materials Safely
    Dental materials are bio-materials, that are man-made, and used to replace tissues or function in close contact with living tissues.

Understanding the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials are very important, as it influences their handling.

Proper handling of materials is a major factor in its success or failure. If materials are properly stored, mixed, and placed, improved patient care will result.

  1. Assess and Prepare Materials Prior to Treating the Patient
    The dental assistant must be able to identify the use of all dental materials intra-orally to prevent serious errors.

Some materials may have contra-indication with the patient’s medical or dental health status.

Others have very specific instructions to be followed in the preparation and placement, that can affect the outcome of the restoration.

The assistant must be aware of the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines for the use of all materials used in the practice.

  1. Educate the Patient
    Dental assistants are responsible for educating patients regarding treatment options, including comparing one dental material to another.

Knowledge of dental materials is critical to ensure that the patient is provided with complete, and accurate answers to assist in treatment choices.

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27
Q

Variables affecting choosing a dental material(s) for a procedure

A

the extent of decay in the tooth, how much tooth structure remains intact to hold the new material in place, the condition of the entire mouth, the location of the restoration, and cost factors.

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28
Q

Restorative and Esthetic dental materials most commonly used today:

A

Amalgam
Composite Resin
Glass ionomer
Temporary restorative materials
tooth-whitening products
gold alloy
ceramic castings

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29
Q

Properties of Dental Materials

A

Mechanical - material must have sufficient strength to withstand biting force (28000 lbs of pressure per square inch on a single cusp of a molar tooth) (Tensile stress and strain)

Ductility - is the ability of a material to have its shape changed by being streched or by a pulling of tensile force without losing strength or breaking

Malleability - measure of a material’s ability to be extended in all directions by a compressive force

Thermal Change - withstand contraction and expansion due to temp change (from hot and cold food) and the need to protect the pulp from thermal shock from extreme difference in temp

Electrical - electrical current (or galvanic action or shock) can take place in the oral cavity when two different/dissimilar metals are present. Conditions that can create - salt in saliva is conductor of electricity, or two metallic components used in restoration or a fork placed in mouth can act as a battery.

Corrosive - corrosion of metals when exposed to corrosive factors such as temp, humidity, and saline.

Hardness - permanent restoration must have enough hardness to resist indentation, scratching, or abrasion (Strength and wearability)

Solubility - degree to which a substance will dissolve in a given amount of another substance

Application - Flow , Adhesion, Retention, Curing

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30
Q

Type of Curing

A

Auto-Cure
Light-Cure
Dual-Cure

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31
Q

Amalgram

A

Silver fillings - powder metal (mostly silver) are mixed with mercury to form a soft mixture

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32
Q

Contradictions to the Use of Dental Amalgram

A
  • Esthetics (if in anterior teeth and can be seen)
    -if patient has history of allergy to mercury or other components
    -when large restoration is required (and cost is not a factor)
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33
Q

composition of amalgram

A

43% mercury & 54% alloy (mix metals - silver, tin, copper, and zinc) powder - although typically a 1:1 ratio is used (Eames technique)

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34
Q

Topical Anesthetic Indications

A

In preparation of a local anesthetic injection
Prevent gagging in procedures such as radiography or impressions
Temporary pain relief from oral ulcers, wounds or inflammation

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35
Q

Topical Anesthetic Contraindications

A

Allergy to ingredients (i.e. red food dye in flavored topical anesthetic
Heart conditions or High Blood Pressure (if a vasoconstrictor is on ingredient list)

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36
Q

How long do you leave gel type topical anesthetic on for?

A

a minimum of 15 seconds to 30 seconds with a maximum of 1 or 2 minutes to have optimum effectiveness

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37
Q

What is spray topical anesthetic useful for?

A

is useful when applied at the back of the throat in patients that have a strong gag reflex. an appropriate time to use this is when taking impressions of for radiography. Can pose a potential danger if too much is administered - its absorbed into the blood stream an can cause irregular heartbeat and respiratory failure

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38
Q

When/what is local anesthetic used for?

A

Local anesthesia is used for dental procedures that have the potential to cause discomfort or pain.

It blocks sensations from teeth, soft tissue, and bone in the area of anesthetization and is used for many dental procedures.

Examples include:

Root planning and scaling
Restorative procedures (restoring teeth into function or esthetics)
Surgical procedures (extractions)
Prosthodontic procedures (crown and bridge)
Endodontic procedures (root canals)
Periodontal procedures (gingival surgery)

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39
Q

Anesthetic Carpule

A

The anesthetic carpule is typically clear glass or plastic and contains the anesthetic solution.

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40
Q

Size of Carpule & info on label

A

Each carpule typically contains 1.8 ml of anesthetic solution and is labeled with the following information:

  1. The type of anesthetic solution (generic and common name)
  2. Percentage of concentration of anesthetic in the solution.
  3. Type of concentration of vasoconstrictor present
  4. Expiration date
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41
Q

The following carpule components must be checked and assessed prior to the injection in order to ensure patient safety. (See MDA 14th ed., Fig. 37.8, pp. 507)

A
  1. The silicon rubber stopper must be flush with the glass.
    - If it is pushed out it may indicate that the solution may have been frozen
    - If it is pushed in, it may have already been used.
  2. The carpule must not be chipped, cracked or damaged
    -The glass may shatter during the injection and may have been contaminated (IPC breach)
  3. The solution must not be cloudy or discoloured.
    - may indicate expired, contaminated and no longer effective
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42
Q

Parts of an Anesthetic Syringe

A

Thumb ring, finger grip - these parts allow the dentist to control the syringe firmly and aspirate effectively with one hand

harpoon - is a sharp hook that locks into the rubber stopper of the anesthetic cartridge, so the stopper can be retracted by pulling back on the piston rod. this action makes aspiration possible.

piston rod - this rod pushes the rubber stopper of the anesthetic cartridge and forces the anesthetic solution out through the needle

barrel of the syringe - the barrel firmly holds the anesthetic cartridge in place. the cartridge is loaded through the open side of the barrel. a window on the other side allows the dentist to watch for blood during aspiration.

threaded tip - the hub of the needle is attached to the syringe on the threaded tip. the cartridge end of the needle passes through the small opening in the center of the treaded tip, puncturing the rubber diaphragm of the anesthetic cartridge

43
Q

Procedures for diagnosing decay

A

Diagnosing early dental caries is challenging
for the DDS. The following methods are used
to detect dental caries:
* Dental Explorer - When the sharp tip of an explorer is pressed into an area of suspected caries it will “stick” when being removed

  • Radiographs - A dark “shadow” will appear on radiographs when decay is present. Caries are often two times deeper and more widespread than it appears on a radiograph
  • Visual Appearance - Gray shadowing underneath enamel can indicate decay
  • Indicator Dyes - Dye applied to the inside of a cavity preparation can indicate through color change whether decay remains
  • Caries Detection Devices - These devices detect bacterial by-products and quantify sound signals to aid in caries detection
  • Laser Caries Detector - Reveals bacterial activity underneath the enamel surface. It does not detect interproximal, subgingival, secondary caries or decay under restorations.
44
Q

Anxiety and Pain Control

A
  • Practice of various psychological,
    physical, and chemical approaches to
    prevent and treat preoperative,
    operative, and postoperative anxiety and
    pain

Methods of pain control used in dentistry to alleviate or reduce anxiety and pain include:
* Topical anesthesia
* Local anesthesia
* Inhalation sedation
* Antianxiety agents
* Intravenous (IV) sedation
* General anesthesia
* Mind-body medicine

45
Q

Characteristics of Local Anesthetic

A
  • Nonirritating to the tissues in the area of the injection
  • Associated with minimal toxicity
  • Rapid onset
  • Able to provide profound anesthesia
  • Sufficient duration of action
  • Completely reversible
  • Sterile or capable of being sterilized by heat without deterioration
46
Q

Needle Gauge #30

A

30 gauge is used to anaesthetize maxillary

arch

needle is very thin/short

47
Q

Needle Gauge #27

A

27 gauge is used to anesthetize mandibular arch

# 27 GAUGE NEEDLE IS VERY THICK /LONG

48
Q

Needle Gauges

A

The larger the gauge number the thinner
the needle

49
Q

4 steps to safely operate a dental syringe

A

1) Always use new needle, new anaesthetic
carpule. Sterile syringe
2) Point the needle away from you when loading and unloading syringe
3) Never touch the needle with your hands
4) Ensure anesthetic carpule is appropriate for your patient’s medical history.

50
Q

How is local anaesthetic administered to the patient?

A
  • Subgingival - below the gumline. Enters the bloodstream
51
Q

What type of patient should a vasoconstrictor not be used on?

A
  • Patients who have heart disease, high blood pressure, medications that have contra— indications, anxiety or fears or previous negative reactions
52
Q

What is the purpose of a vasoconstrictor in
anesthetic?

A
  • To slow down the intake of an aesthetic agent and increase the duration of action
53
Q

Epinephrine (vasoconstrictor)

A
  • May cause unwanted side effects such as nervousness, excitement, muscular twitching, high blood pressure, and increased heart rate and respiration.
  • Dental treatment, the most widely used epinephrine ratio is 1:100,000.
  • This means that there is one part (drop) of epinephrine per 100,000 parts (drops) of anesthetic solutions.
  • When longer duration is necessary, a ratio of 1:50,000 (which contain twice as much epinephrine) is used.
54
Q

Guidelines for handling anesthetic cartridges

A
  • Cartridges should be stored at room temperature and protected from direct sunlight
  • Never use a cartridge that has been frozen
  • Do not use a cartridge if it is cracked, chipped, or damaged in any way
  • Never use a solution that is discolored or cloudy or has passed the expiration date
  • Do not leave the syringe preloaded with the needle attached for an extended period
  • Never save a cartridge for reuse
55
Q

What do you call the area in the mouth
where topical and local anesthetic is
placed?

A

Mucobuccal fold

56
Q

Maxillary anesthesia - local infiltration

A
  • completed by injecting into a small, isolated area
    *completed by injecting the anesthetic directly into the soft tissue area of the nerve endings affecting a specific area
57
Q

Maxillary anesthesia - field block

A
  • When the injection is placed near a larger terminal nerve branch
    *refers to injecting the anesthetic near a larger terminal nerve branch affecting a larger surface area of the operative field. When two or three teeth are being restored, a field block is indicated.
58
Q

nerve block

A
  • When local anesthetic is deposited close to a main nerve trunk – indicated for quadrant dentistry
    *occurs when local anesthetic is deposited close to a main nerve trunk. This type of injection is indicated for quadrant dentistry. Examples of these types of injections are the posterior superior alveolar, the anterior superior alveolar, and the nasopalatine nerve block.
59
Q

MSA Nerve Block

A

Middle Superior Alveolar - in buccal/vestibule - near first premolar

60
Q

PSA Nerve Block

A

Posterior Superior Alveolar –in buccal/vestibule - near 1st molar

61
Q

ASA Nerve Block

A

Anterior Superior Alveolar - mucobuccal fold injection

62
Q

palatine nerve block

A

provides anesthesia in the posterior portion of the hard palate

63
Q

nasoplastine nerve block

A

produces anesthesia in the anterior hard palate

64
Q

inferior alveolar nerve block

A

often referred to as mandibular nerve block - is obtained by injecting the anesthetic solution near, but not into, the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve close to the mandibular foramen.
patient will experience numbness over half of the lower jaw, including the teeth, tongue & lips.

65
Q

buccal nerve block

A

provides anesthesia to the buccal soft tissues closest to the mandibular molars

66
Q

incisive nerve block

A

is given only when the mandibular anterior teeth or premolars require anesthesia. The incisive block injection is given at the site of the mental foramen. The branch of nerves continues within the mandibular canal to the apices of the anterior teeth

67
Q

periodontal ligament injection

A

an alternative infiltration technique involves injection of the anesthetic solution under pressure directly into the periodontal ligament and surrounding tissues. Is usually an addition to conventional techniques. This type of injection may be completed with the use of a conventional syringe or a special periodontal ligament injection syringe.

68
Q

PARTS Notes Example

A

Patient Name: ____________________
Date
P – patient presented to sait dentail clinic with pain in tooth 4.6 (initial)
A – MHU updated, consent forms signed (initial)

R – DDS requisitioned 1 PA of tooth 4.6, prescribed 250 mg of amoxicillin 2x daily 5 x days (initial)

T – CO (Visual), PPR, Denticare Cherry Topical anesthetic, 2 carps lidocaine 1:100,000
Post op instructions given (POIG) written and verbal (initial)

S – Pt will book in 1 week for RCT after antibiotics are finished (initial)

Signature

69
Q

Post Operative Instructions for Local Anesthetic

A

Avoid hot and cold foods
* Chew on other side of mouth
* Avoid biting cheek or tongue
* How long will topical anaesthetics last ?
◦ 15 min
* How long will local anesthetics last ?
◦ 2 - 4 hours

70
Q

Electronic Anesthesia

A

A noninvasive method to block pain electronically with the use of a low-level current of electricity through contact pads that target a specific electronic waveform directly to the nerve bundle at the root of the tooth

Benefits:
* No needles
* No post op numbness or swelling
* Chemical free
* No cross contamination risk
* Reduced fear and anxiety in patients
* Patient control over own comfort level

71
Q

Types of Dental Sedation

A
  1. Intravenous (IV) Sedation
  2. Unconscious Sedation
  3. Inhalation Sedation
  4. Oral Sedation
72
Q

Inhalation Sedation

A
  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2)
  • Combination of gases inhaled to help eliminate fear and to aid relaxation
  • Effects
  • Non-addictive
  • Onset is easy, side effects are minimal, and recovery is rapid
  • Produces stage 1 anesthesia/analgesia
  • Dulls the perception of pain
  • works well for kids who are nervous of dental work to be done
73
Q

Advantages of N2O/O2 Use (inhalation sedation)

A
  • Administration is simple and easily managed
  • The services of an anesthesiologists or other
    specialized personnel are not required
  • Excellent safety record
  • Side effects are minimal
  • The patient is awake
  • Recovery is rapid
  • Can be used with patients of all ages
74
Q

Disadvantages of N2O/O2 Use (inhalation sedation)

A
  • Some patients may experience nausea or vertigo
  • Patients who have behavioral problems may react in a negative way and act out those behavior issues - exaggerate negative behaviors
75
Q

Contraindications of Nitrous Oxide (N2O/O2)

A
  • Pulmonary disorders
  • Respiratory disorders
  • Pregnancy (1st trimester)
  • Psychiatric
  • Immune compromised
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Frequent marijuana or drug use
  • Middle ear blockage
  • Alcoholic or recovering alcoholic
  • Nasal Obstruction
  • Emphysema
  • Emotional Instability

Review health history for these and advise dentist of these red flags.

76
Q

N2O/O2 Administration

A

Ask patients to refrain from speaking or mouth breathing while nitrous is being administered. Breathe in and out through nose
* There is no set dosage regimen as patients can react differently to treatment from one
appointment to the next. Dentist determines dosage amount.
* Assess the patient for dizziness, headache or lethargy once nitrous has been removed

77
Q

N2O/O2 Safe Practices

A

Scavenger System
* Reduces the nitrous oxide released into the treatment room
*Takes excess N2o/o2 out of room

Venting Exhaust Fumes Outside
* Exposure overtime has proven adverse health effects.
Ventilation should not be close to fresh-air intake vent

Testing Pressure Conditions
* Soap solution is applied to lines to test for leaks - if bubbles form, you know it’s leaking
*actually tank - make sure it’s not leaking

Inspection of Equipment
* Look for wear, tear, cracks, holes and replace any damaged parts

Properly Fitting Mask - comes in sizes for individual patients (kids sizes)

78
Q

Anti-Anxiety Agents

A

Sedatives are the drug of choice for physicians and dentists seeking to relieve anxiety in their patients - taken orally to relax body

Criteria for use
* A patient is very nervous about a procedure
* A procedure is long or difficult
* The patient is mentally challenged
* The patient is a very young child requiring extensive treatment

79
Q

Intravenous (IV) Sedation

A

Antianxiety drugs administered IV throughout a procedure at a slower pace, providing a deeper stage 1 analgesia.
Prior to administration a health exam (including patient weight) and a signed consent.
Baseline vitals are taken, blood O2 levels recorded.

  • The IV line should be continuously monitored to make sure that there is not inflammation or pain at the insertion site or that the needle has not become dislodged, is leaking, has clotted or cracked.
    -Physiologic measurements should be recorded at least every 15 min. (2nd assistant’s job)
    -Supplemental oxygen and a defibrillator must be available for immediate use in case of emergency
80
Q

General Anesthesia

A

A controlled state of unconsciousness (not awake, not able to follow verbal prompts) with a loss of protective reflexes—including the ability to maintain an airway independently and to respond appropriately to physical stimulation or verbal command—that produces stage 3 general anesthesia

only done in operatory type settings - hospital type setting, or private hospital

81
Q

Documentation of Anesthesia & Pain Control

A

Always document the following measures and observations:
* Review of the patient’s medical history
* Preoperative and postoperative vital signs
* Vitals are also documented every 15 min in the patient chart
during IV, general and oral sedation
* Patient’s tidal volume if inhalation sedation is being used - how much/amount that was given
* Times at which anesthesia began and ended
* Peak concentration administered
* Postoperative time (in minutes) required for patient recovery
* Adverse events and patient complaints

82
Q

Four Stages of Anesthesia

A

Stage I - anti anxiety, inhalation & IV(-is a deeper state of stage 1)
* Patient is relaxed and fully conscious. The patient experiences a sense of euphoria and reduction in pain. Vital signs are normal.

Stage II
* Excitement stage. Patient is less aware. Patient may lose consciousness, vomit or become unmanageable. Undesirable stage.

Stage III
* General anesthesia. The patient feels no pain or sensation. Patient becomes unconscious. Can be achieved only under the guidance of an anesthesiologist in a controlled environment.

Stage IV
* Respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. If not quickly reversed, it can result in death.

83
Q

Patient Preparation for Anesthesia

A

Patient undergoes a preoperative physical exam and signed consent is completed.
Most appointments are scheduled in the early morning as the patient cannot eat or drink for 8-12 hours before the procedure
The patient must have someone to drive them home
Once the procedure is completed the patient is monitored closely until normal reflexes return. Can not be sent home if still “loopy”. The patient should NOT be left alone while regaining consciousness.

84
Q

Mind-Body Medicine

A

Methods of reducing anxiety and pain through different non-pharmacologic techniques
Some common techniques include:
* Distraction (e.g., listening to music, watching iPad)
* Relaxation techniques
* Guided techniques
* Deep breathing
* Biofeedback
* Hypnosis
* Acupuncture

85
Q

Black’s Classification - for cavities

A

Dr. Black did more to standardize restorative procedures in dentistry than any other man in history.

In the early 1900’s he devised a method of classifying cavities that is still in use today.

His influence is still felt in teaching programs because of the example he set in research and academics.

Cavity classifications designed by Dr. Black are made based on the anatomic surfaces of teeth.

86
Q

Six Cavity Classifications

A

Class I - Pit and fissure surface of teeth. Occlusal of Buccal pits on premolars or molars. Lingual pit on incisors.
Class II - Include at least one interproximal surface of a bicuspid or molar.
Class III - Interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve the incisal edge.
Class IV - Interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth that require restoration of the incisal edge.
Class V - Smooth surface of the cervical one-third lingual or facially on any tooth.
Class VI - Incisal edges or cusp tips of teeth; usually caused by abrasion, wear, or anatomical defects.

87
Q

Decay is also classified by nomenclature based on the names of the tooth surfaces that are affected with decay.

Nomenclature examples are:

A

MO - Mesial occlusal or mesio-occlusal
DO - Distal occlusal or disto-occlusal
L - Lingual
V - Vestibular
F - Facial
I - Incisal

88
Q

Procedures used to diagnose decay

A

The following procedures may be performed by a Registered Dental Assistant (RDA) in order to assist the dentist in a diagnosis of decay. * Diagnosing decay is not in the Dental Assistants scope of practice.

Exam

Clinical Observation/ Visual Evaluation

X-rays

Indicator Dyes

Caries Detection Devices

89
Q

To Diagnose Decay - Exam

A

Exam

Use the mirror and explorer to detect cariogenic lesions (decay) decay on accessible tooth surfaces. Existing restorations are also evaluated for stability and integrity.

90
Q

To Diagnose Decay - Clinical Observation / Visual Evaluation

A

Clinical Observation/ Visual Evaluation

Perform a clinical observation to note any suspicious areas for decay for the dentist to follow-up for diagnosis.

91
Q

To Diagnose Decay - Xrays

A

X-rays

Take, process, and mount X-rays for the dentist to interpret and diagnose any conditions.

92
Q

To Diagnose Decay - Indicator Dyes

A

Indicator Dyes

Apply a carious indicator dye inside of the cavity preparation to indicate any decayed areas. *Dentist places to ensure all decay is removed prior to placing the restoration.

93
Q

To Diagnose Decays - Caries Detection Devices

A

Caries Detection Devices

Several different varieties are available on the market. These devices function through different ways such as through detecting bacterial by-products, measuring differences in tooth structure and lasers which can reveal bacterial activity under the enamel surface.

94
Q

Class I Cavities

A

Class I - Pit and fissure surface of teeth. Occlusal of Buccal pits on premolars or molars. Lingual pit on incisors.

95
Q

Class II Cavities

A

Class II - Include at least one interproximal surface of a premolar or molar.

96
Q

Class III Cavities

A

Class III - Interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve the incisal edge.

97
Q

Class IV Cavities

A

Class IV - Interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth that require restoration of the incisal edge.

98
Q

Class V Cavities

A

Class V - Smooth surface of the cervical one-third lingual or facially on any tooth.

99
Q

Class VI Cavities

A

Class VI - Incisal edges or cusp tips of teeth; usually caused by abrasion, wear, or anatomical defects.

100
Q

Role of Dental Assistant - Describe the Behaviour of Materials

A

Materials all have specific behaviours once placed into the oral cavity, which can affect the success of a restoration.

When choosing materials to use, the material should:

  • Present no harm the patients’ health
  • Be easy enough to use
  • Be able to withstand the patient’s oral conditions
101
Q

Role of Dental Assistant - Handle Materials Safely

A

Dental materials are bio-materials, that are man-made, and used to replace tissues or function in close contact with living tissues.

Understanding the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials are very important, as it influences their handling.

Proper handling of materials is a major factor in its success or failure. If materials are properly stored, mixed, and placed, improved patient care will result.

102
Q

Role of Dental Assistant - Assess and Prepare Materials Prior to Treating the Patient

A

The dental assistant must be able to identify the use of all dental materials intra-orally to prevent serious errors.

Some materials may have contra-indication with the patient’s medical or dental health status.

Others have very specific instructions to be followed in the preparation and placement, that can affect the outcome of the restoration.

The assistant must be aware of the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines for the use of all materials used in the practice.

103
Q

Role of Dental Assistant - Educate the Patient

A

Dental assistants are responsible for educating patients regarding treatment options, including comparing one dental material to another.

Knowledge of dental materials is critical to ensure that the patient is provided with complete, and accurate answers to assist in treatment choices.

Restorative Procedures (18 decks)

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