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Geography > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Caldera?

A

A large ridge forming at the dge of a supervolcano where the original cone has either collapsed or been destroyed in a large eruption

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2
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

A plate margin where the tectonic plates are sliding past each other

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3
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

A plate margin where the tectonic plates are moving apart

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4
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

A plate margin where the tectonic plates collide

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5
Q

What is continental crust?

A

The part of the Earth’s crust that makes the continents

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6
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Circulating movements of the magma in the mantle caused by the heat of the core

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7
Q

Define Epicentre?

A

The point on the ground directly above the focus (centre) of the earthquake

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8
Q

Define Focus?

A

The point of origin of an earthquake

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9
Q

Define Magnitude?

A

The size of an earthquake

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10
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

The part of the Earth’s crust which is below the oceans

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11
Q

What is an ocean trench?

A

A deep depression on the ocean floor formed at the subduction zones of destructive plate margins

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12
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

The latge pieces of broken crust that cover the earth

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13
Q

What is a plate margin?

A

The boundary between two tectonic plates

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14
Q

Define prediction?

A

Forecasting future changes

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15
Q

What are primary effects?

A

The impacts of a natural disaster that happen immediately or soon afetr the event

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16
Q

Define response?

A

The way in which people react to a situation eg. an earthquake

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17
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

The after effects of a disaster eg. disease spreads or loss of the economy

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18
Q

What is subduction?

A

The transformation into magma of a denser tectonic plate as it dives under a less dense plate

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19
Q

What is a Supervolcano?

A

A volcano capable of erupting on a much larger scale than a normal volcano

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20
Q

What are tectonic hazards?

A

Threats posed by earthquakes, volcanoes etc

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21
Q

Define Tsunami?

A

Huge waves caused by earthquakes under the sea

22
Q

What type of volcano is this?

A

Composite

23
Q

What type of plate margin is this?

A

Constructive

24
Q

Name the process that makes the Earth’s tectonic plates move?

A

Convection cells

25
Q

What is the temperature inside the Earth’s core?

A

5,500 °C

26
Q

List two characteristics of an Oceanic Crust

A

5-10 km thick

Dense

Destroyed at destructive plate margins

Forms constantly at constructive plate margins

Geologically young compared to continental crust

27
Q

List two characteristics of a Continental Crust

A

25-100km thick

Less dense

Cannot be destroyed. New crust is not formed

It is geologically old 3-4 billion years old

28
Q

Which two plates does Iceland lie on?

A

North American and Eurasian

29
Q

What do you call the fault line that runs along the West coast of the USA?

A

The San Andres Fault

30
Q

Name the layers in the Earth’s structure?

A
31
Q

Draw a destructive plate boundary?

A
32
Q

In what year did Eyjafjallajokull (Iceland) erupt?

A

2010

33
Q

Name a fold mountain range?

A

Himalayas

Alps

Atlas

Andes

34
Q

Describe the sequence of fold mountain formation?

A
35
Q

What type of volcano is this?

A

Shield volcano

36
Q

List two characteristics of a composite volcano?

A

Made up of alternating layers of lava and ash (other volcanoes just consist of lava)

Found at destructive boundaries

Often has pyroclastic flows. A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust

A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400°C

37
Q

List two characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

Shield volcanoes are usually found at constructive or tensional boundaries

They are low, with gently sloping sides

They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava

Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle

38
Q

When did Montserrat start erupting?

A

1995

39
Q

Name a supervocano

A

Yellowstone

40
Q

How do we measure the size of a volcanic eruption?

A
41
Q

What is Old Faithful and where is it found?

A

A Geyser

Yellowstone National Park

42
Q
A
43
Q

Do earthquakes happen on all four plate boundaries?

A

Yes

44
Q

What two ways can we measure the size of the earthquake?

A

Richter Scale- Measured from 1-9

Mercalli Scale- Measured from I-XII

45
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake?

A

2010

46
Q

How powerful was the Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0 Richter Scale

47
Q

What is the capital of Haiti?

A

Port-au-Prince

48
Q

How many people died in the Haiti earthquake?

A

220,000

49
Q

List two immediate responses to the Haiti earthquake?

A

The USA sent 10,000 troops

The UN sent troops and police and they set up a “Food Aid Cluster” to feed 2 million people

The USA sent $100 million in aid

235,000 people were relocated to other safer areas of the island

50
Q

Can we predict volcanic eruptions and earthquakes?

A

Volcanoes Yes

Earthquakes NO!!

51
Q
A

Geography (21 decks)

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