Rest and digest physiology Flashcards
What is digestion
process by which is broke down mechanically and chemically into absorbable units
What forms the small intestines
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What forms the large intestines
caecum, acending transverse and descending colon and rectum
What are herbivores
animals who feed on plants
what are carnivores
animals who feed on meat
what are omnivores
animals who regularly feed on both plants and meat
What are cows and sheep stomachs shaped and why
4 chambers to breakdown plant fibre (cellulose)
How do horses intestinal tract differ from other animals
developed large caeca and colons
What are levels of salivary amylase in carnivores like
low or not any at all, as food not in mouth long
What are monogastric
animals who only have 1 stomach like carnivores and also included are hind gut fermenters like horses and rabbits
what are ruminants
have a four chambered stomach and perform rumination such as cows, sheep, goats, giraffes and deer
What are pseudo-ruminants
animals who don’t ruminate but have 3 chambered stomachs such as alpacas, llamas, camels and hippopotami (some people also include hind gut fermenters in this group)
What is the avian digestive system stomach like
specialized stomachs called proventriculus (where chemical digestion occurs) and gizzard(where mechanical digestion occurs)
What are the 3 layers of mucosa
innermost-epithelium
middle- lamina propria (connective tissue that contains blood and lymphatic vessels as well as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
Final- muscularis mucosa which causes the mucosal membrane of the stomach to fold creating the rugae
Prehension for cows and other ruminants
Use protrusible tongue and mandibular incisors
What is prehension
obtaining food in oral cavity
Prehension for horses
upper lip, tongue and incisors
Prehension for carnivores
grasp prey with forelimbs and teeth and take into mouth by movements of head and jaw
what is mastication
breaks food down to increase its surface area for better enzymatic digestion
How does body detect food for mastication
presence of food in oral cavity stimulates sensory branches of trigeminal, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves then efferent input via trigeminal nerve activates masticatory muscles
Masticatory muscles in herbivores
masseter and pterygoid
Masticatory muscles in carnivores and omnivores
temporalis
Mastication movement herbivores
lateral movement of lower jaw
Mastication movement carnivores
shear their food with minimal side to side movement