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GI > Digestive System Embryology > Flashcards

Digestive System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vitelline duct

A

Narrow connective between the midgut and yolk sac

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2
Q

What is the stomodeum

A

The blind end of the foregut as a ectodermal depression which later forms oral cavity

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3
Q

What is the provtodeum

A

Ectodermal depression with blind end of the hind gut which later forms the anus

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4
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane

A

The ecto-endodermal membrane which separates stomodeum from the foregut

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5
Q

What is the anal membrane

A

The ecto-endodermal membrane between hind gut and proctodeum

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6
Q

What is the primitive gut tube and what is it composed of

A

Derived from endoderm and extends from oropharygeal membrane to the cloacal membrane and is composed of the foregut midgut and hind gut
Later development the membranes regress and becomes continuous

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7
Q

What 2 major abdominal organs come from distal region of the foregut

A

Liver and pancreas

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8
Q

What is the stomach and what happens to the stomach in embryological development

A

Fusiform dilation of the caudal part of the foregut and attached to dorsal abdominal wall by dorsal mesogastrium and ventral wall by ventral mesogastrium
As dorsal region grows at a greater rate than ventral it results in a dorsal greater curvature

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9
Q

What are the 2 rotations of the stomach in embryological development

A

First is moves through an angle of 90 degrees to the left about a cranial caudal axis so the former left side is ventral and former right side is dorsal
Second?

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10
Q

What happens in the liver development

A

Liver develops from the hepatic diverticulum, an endodermal outpouching of the foregut, and grows into the ventral mesogastrium

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11
Q

What is the lesser omentum

A

Connecting the stomach (lesser curvature) and the liver

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12
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Connecting the liver to the ventral body wall

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13
Q

Describe (simple) the spleen embryological development

A

The spleen develops within the dorsal mesogastrium, which is the mesentery attached to the greater curvature side of the stomach

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14
Q

What is the proper oral cavity

A

Space within the dental arcades

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15
Q

What separates the vestibule oral cavity and the proper oral cavity

A

Dental arcades

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16
Q

How does the vestibule communicate with proper oral cavity

A

Interdental spaces

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17
Q

What is the labial vestibule

A

Space between incisors and lips

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18
Q

What is the buccal vestibule

A

Spaces between molar teeth and cheeks

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19
Q

What are the salivary glands

A

Paired organs that secrete saliva via their ducts into oral cavity and keeps mucosa of the mouth moist and mixed with food to lubricated passage of the food during swallowing

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20
Q

What are the groups of salivary glands

A

Minor and major salivary glands

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21
Q

Where are minor salivary glands

A

In the mucosa of the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate and the sublingual oral floor.

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22
Q

What do minor salivary glands produce

A

Mucosa, thick protective, secretion

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23
Q

Where are the major salivary glands

A

Located at a distance from the oral cavity and drain through ducts

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24
Q

What does the major salivary glands release

A

Watery, serous fluid, some of them a serous-mucous secretion with amylase which initiates carbohydrate digestion

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25
Q

What does saliva contain

A

Water, mucin, amylase and salts, especially sodium bicarbonate

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26
Q

Name the major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual

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27
Q

What is the parotid salivary gland

A

Paired organ, mixed, serous-mucous, tubuloacinous gland
parotid duct opens into the oral vestibule at the top of a small pailla opposite 4th cheek tooth

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28
Q

Where is the parotid salivary gland

A

Junction of the head and neck, ventral to the auricular cartilage in the retromandibular fossa

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29
Q

What is the mandibular salivary gland

A

It drains by a single large duct, which passes ventral to the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity

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30
Q

Where is the mandibular salivary gland

A

Close to the angle of the jaw and is partially covered by the parotid salivary gland, slightly bigger than the parotid gland in most dogs and cats

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31
Q

What is the sublingual salivary gland

A

Shares a common opening with the mandibular salivary duct on top of the sublingual caruncle protruding from the prefenular part of the floor of the oral cavity

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32
Q

Where is the sublingual salivary gland

A

Composed of monostomatic and polystomatic portions, largest and most caudal component of the monostomatic portion is found within the capsular shared by the mandibular salivary gland

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33
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Common cavity through which both air and ingested material pass, connects oral cavity with oesophagus and nasa cavity with the larynx

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34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus

A

cervical, thoracic and abdominal

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35
Q

What way does the oesophagus run

A

Dorsal to the trachea then it runs ventral tot he ascending aorta and passes over the dorsal border of the liver to join the stomach at the cardia

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36
Q

Inlet of stomach called

A

cardia

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37
Q

Outlet of stomach called

A

Pylorus

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38
Q

Name of what controls openings to the stomach

A

Sphincters

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39
Q

What are the two parts of the pylorus

A

Pyloric antrum
pyloric canal towards the duodenum

40
Q

Name the portions of the stomach

A

Cardia
fundus
body
pyloric portions

41
Q

Describe the 2 omentums

A

Greater and lesser omentum attached to the stomach at the greater and lesser curvatures respectively

42
Q

What artery supplies the stomach

A

Celiac artery

43
Q

3 branches of the celiac artery

A

Splenic, hepatic, and left gastric arteries
each provides blood flow to a portion of the stomach

44
Q

What does the hepatic artery from the celiac artery supply and then branch off to

A

Liver and gallbladder then continues as the right gastric artery to supply pylorus and pyloric antrum
Then it anastomoses with left gastric artery along lesser curvature of stomach

45
Q

What does the splenic artery suppy and then branch off to

A

Gives off tributaries to the left limb of the pancreas and spleen before becoming the left gastroepiploic artery to supply greater curvature of stomach
Then it anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic artery

46
Q

Where do the left and right gastric arteries run along

A

Lesser curvature of stomach

47
Q

Where do the left and right gastroepiploic run along

A

Greater curvature of stomach

48
Q

Define the division of the intestines

A

Commences at pylorus and continues to the anus
Small- pylorus to the caecum
Large- Caesum to the anus

49
Q

What is the duodenum

A

Proximal part of the small intestine extending from the pyloric part of the stomach to the jejunum

50
Q

What is the jejunum

A

Longest part of small intestine betwen the dudodenum and ileum on left side of body

51
Q

What is the ileum

A

Short terminal part of the small intestine on right side of the body

52
Q

Difference of jejunum and ileum

A

Distinction is defined by the proximal extent of the ileocecal fold
Also ileum on right and jejunum on left side

53
Q

What is the caecum

A

Blind tube, which is demarcated from the colon by the entrance of the ileum
connects ileum by ileal orifice
connects colon by caecocolic orifice

54
Q

3 parts of colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon

55
Q

3 parts of the pancreas

A

body
right lobe
left lobe

56
Q

What nerve innervations is in muscous membranes of pharynx, soft palate and muscle except the tensor muscle of soft palte

A

Plexus formed mainly by the vagus nerve and to a lesser extent by the glossopharyngeal nerve

57
Q

What nerve innervations is in tensor muscle of soft palate

A

mandibular nerve

58
Q

What nerve innervations is in the stomach

A

parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibres of the celiac plexus

59
Q

Which embryonic structure gives rise to the pancreas and liver

A

Foregut

60
Q

Which structures separates the oral cavity proper from the vestibule in the oral cavity

A

Dental arcades

61
Q

What is the main reason rabbits do not need to fast before anaesthesia

A

Structure of stomach

62
Q

What is the primary role of antiperistalsis in the large intestine of birds

A

Moves urine from the cloaca into the large intestine for water reabsorption

63
Q

From which artery does the blood supply to the stomach originate

A

Celiac artery

64
Q

How does differential growth of tube contribute to formation of stomach’s curvatures

A

More rapid growth of dorsal portion the stomach expands leading to greater and lesser curvature

65
Q

2 stomach rotations

A

90 degrees about its long axis
Anti-clockwise around a dorsoventral axis

66
Q

What is connected to the dorsal mesogastrium

A

greater omentum

67
Q

what is connected to the ventral mesogastrium

A

lesser omentum

68
Q

Organs of foregut

A

oesophagus, stomach, cranial duodenum, liver and pancreas

69
Q

Organs of midgut

A

small intestines, cecum, ascending colon, part of transverse colon

70
Q

Organs of hindgut

A

transverse and descending colon, cloaca, rectum and most anal canal

71
Q

Blood supply for organs of foregut, midgut and hindgut

A

celiac, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric arteries respectively

72
Q

Rabbits feeding cycle name

A

crepuscular

73
Q

what is crepuscular

A

feeding at dusk and early morning

74
Q

What type of digestive system/ diet

A

Rabbits are non-ruminant herbivore with a large hind gut

75
Q

Rabbit stomach shape and position

A

J shaped, thin walled and lies on left side

76
Q

pH of adult rabbit stomach

A

1-2 makes the stomach and small intestine almost sterile

77
Q

Percentage of GI volume of small intestine in rabbit

A

12%

78
Q

How do the bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum in rabbit

A

widely separated points, bile at beginning and pancreatic at end

79
Q

longest section of small bowl in rabbit

A

jejunum

80
Q

What is the terminal ileum like in the rabbit

A

enlarges into aspherical thick dilation called sacculus rotundus which is unique to the rabbit

81
Q

what is the sacculus rotundus

A

in the rabbit the terminal ileum enlarges into aspherical thick dilation

82
Q

what animals has the largest cecum

A

rabbit, relative to size

83
Q

capacity of cecum in rabbit compared to stomach

A

10 times

84
Q

percentage of intestinal content in rabbit cecum

A

40%

85
Q

length of proximal colon in rabbit

A

approx 50 cm

86
Q

length of distal colon in rabbit

A

approx 90cm

87
Q

3 parts of proximal colon in rabbit

A

3 longitudinal muscular bands called taenia creating 3 haustra
a single taenia/haustra
the fusus coli

88
Q

difference of proximal and distal colon in rabbit

A

distal colon has no sacculations

89
Q

What stomachs do birds have

A

glandular/proventriculus
muscular/gizzard

90
Q

What does the glandular stomach do

A

receives food from esophagus and secretes mucus, HCL and pepsinogen, similar to mammalian stomach

91
Q

What does the gizzard do

A

disk shapes, very muscular and in many birds contains small stones that facilitate grinding of foodstuffs

92
Q

what do birds large intestines have

A

short villi extend into the lumen of the colon unlike mammals

93
Q

What is the cloaca

A

expanded, tubular structure that serves as the common opening of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems which opens to the outside of the bird as the vent

94
Q

What is antiperistalsis in the cloaca

A

prominent pattern of motility in avian colon and suggested to assist not only filling of ceca but to flush urine from the cloaca into the large gut for absorption of water

95
Q

How many cecum in birds

A

typically a pair of ceca that can be dispensable in some species or important sites of fermentation in other species

GI (4 decks)

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