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GI > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are macro nutrients

A

energy producing- carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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2
Q

What are micronutrients

A

non energy producing- minerals, vitamins and water

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3
Q

What do proteins provide to diet

A

nitrogen and amino acids

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4
Q

what are proteins used for

A

energy production, tissue growth, repair and maintenance, metabolism, hormone production, immunity and oxygen transport and other functions

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5
Q

How many essential amino acids in dog

A

10

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6
Q

how many essential amino acids in cat

A

11

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7
Q

Name some of the 10/11 essential amino acids

A

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
valine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
taurine(cats)

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8
Q

What animal can synthesise taurine

A

dogs can and cats cannot

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9
Q

What is biological value for protein quality

A

Proportion of amino acids present in the ingredient/formulation as well as its digestibility

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10
Q

What is a High biological value (protein)

A

Ingredients/formulations contain the full complement of amino acids required eg. meat, fish, eggs and cheese

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11
Q

What is Low biological value

A

protein sources have deficiencies in 1 or more amino acids eg oats, wheat, corn and soya

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12
Q

What macronutrient does the body not store if excess consumed

A

amino acids (protein)

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13
Q

What are fats

A

energy provision and increase feed palatability, facilitate fat soluble vitamin absorption and provide essential fatty acids

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14
Q

What macronutrient is not essential

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates used for

A

Provide energy and for completeness also source of dietary fiber which can be important for normal GI function and health

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16
Q

Name some fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K -essential

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17
Q

Name some water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins

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18
Q

Why is vitamin C not essential

A

Dogs and cats can synthesis from glucose

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19
Q

what vitamin can dogs and cats synthesis from glucose

A

vitamin c

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20
Q

What are minerals

A

inorganic elements in food required for maintenance of acid- base balance, osmotic pressure/fluid, nerve and muscle activities and normal cellular functions

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21
Q

What are Macrominerals

A

needed 100mg/ Mcal or more

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22
Q

Name main macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, chloride, potassium, sodium and magnesium

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23
Q

What are microminerals

A

needed less than 100mg/Mcal

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24
Q

Name main microminerals

A

iron, copper, zinc, maganese, selenium, iodine

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25
Q

Typical normal intake of water

A

50-60 ml/kg/day

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26
Q

Si unit of energy

A

Joule

27
Q

Conversion of calorie to joule

A

1 calorie = 4.184 joules

28
Q

What is Kilocalorie

A

kcal=1000 calories

29
Q

What is Mega calorie (Mcal)

A

Mcal=1000 kcal

30
Q

4 basic components of energy expenditure at maintenance

A

resting energy expenditure
activity-related energy expenditure
heat increment
facultative thermogenesis

31
Q

What does short term regulation of food involve

A

CNS and hormones of GI tract

32
Q

What does long term regulation of food involve

A

input from adipose tissue producing endocrine and paracrine mediators like leptin, adiponectin and others
Distention of stomach also sends signals to hypothalamus and brainstem

33
Q

What is the GI hormone that increases appetite (orexigenic)

A

Ghrelin

34
Q

What is ghrelin secreted by

A

gastric epithelial cells and hypothalamic neurons and acts of hypothalamic feeding centre

35
Q

Name satiety signal hormones

A

CCK
PPY
Oxyntomodulin
leptin
adinponectin

36
Q

Where is CCK secreted from and what does it do

A

secreted postprandially from small intestine and reduces food intake and also effects on the pancreas and gallbladder
protein and fat stimulate increase release of CCK from gut

37
Q

Where is PYY secreted from and what does it do

A

L cells of ileum and large intestine. satiety signal and decreases food intake. also inhibits fasting small bowl motility and gastric emptying

38
Q

Where is Oxyntomodulin secreted from and what does it do

A

L cells of the intestine and inhibits food intake. Also an incretin and stimulates increase in plasma insulin

39
Q

Where is Leptin secreted from and what does it do

A

Protein hormone that helps regulate bodyweight by signaling the amount of fat stored then decrease food intake ( may increase energy expenditure )

40
Q

Where is Adiponectin secreted from and what does it do

A

produced by mature adipocytes and is a key adipokine that regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances insulin sensitivity

41
Q

Name 5 feeding methods

A

Ad libitum(free choice )
Time-restricted
Food restricted
Feed palatability
Group feeding and social environment

42
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Ad Libitum

A

Adv: self feeding, animal can eat whenever, ideal for cats
disadv: dogs greed can lead to obesity

43
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Time restricted feeding method

A

Adv: set time each day, routine develops for feeding
disadv: some animals can eat a larger quantity in shorter length of time than others, slow eats may not get adequate amounts of nutrition in time allocated

44
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Food restricted feeding method

A

Adv: accurately calculate how long bag of food going to last, same amount of food each day, prevents obesity
disadv: amount must be calculated according to feeding guide for that food

45
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of feed palatability feeding method

A

Adv: may limit feed intake if not palatable
disadv: highly palatable may promote overeating

46
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of group feeding and social environment

A

Adv: good social environment may facilitate eating of fearful animals
disadv: not social behaviour in domestic cats, ‘weaker’ dog in packs not get any food due to aggression, bullying for food so slow eater not get adequate nutrition, social facilitation-increase feed intake

47
Q

What is social facilitation (feeding method)

A

Where a dog increases its feed intake because of other dogs eating resulting in potential weight gain

48
Q

Name essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid, alpha Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid(cats)

49
Q

What is GE

A

gross energy (total energy in feed)

50
Q

What is DE

A

digestible energy- energy derived from digestion of feed

51
Q

What is ME

A

Metabolisable energy- energy avaliable for use by the animal

52
Q

What is NE

A

Net energy- energy actually used by the animal for maintenance and production

53
Q

What is lost from gross energy

A

faecal energy

54
Q

what is lost for digestable energy

A

urine and gas energy

55
Q

what is lost from metabolisable energy

A

heat increment

56
Q

2 ways of which energy content of diet can be calculated/determind

A

feeding trials-expensive, most accurate
proximate analysis +/- equations

57
Q

When can the modified atwater equations be used

A

both cats and dogs diets

58
Q

Macronutrients energy levels

A

carb-3.5kcal/g
protein-3.5kcal/g
fat-8.5kcal/g

59
Q

When can the NRC equation be used

A

different for each cats or dogs as uses different fixed values

60
Q

What is needed to know to determine caloric density of diet

A

protein, fat, fibre, nitrogen free extract(carbohydrate), moisture, ash

61
Q

RER logrithmic equation

A

RER(kcal/day)=70x(bodyweight in kg)^0.75

62
Q

RER linear formula

A

animals between 2-45kg
RER(kcal/day)= (30 x bodyweight in (kg)) +70

63
Q

What is RER

A

resting energy requirement- amount of energy expended when an animal is completely inactive in a stress-free, non fasted, thermoneutral environement

64
Q
A

GI (7 decks)

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