Nutrition Flashcards
What are macro nutrients
energy producing- carbohydrates, fats and proteins
What are micronutrients
non energy producing- minerals, vitamins and water
What do proteins provide to diet
nitrogen and amino acids
what are proteins used for
energy production, tissue growth, repair and maintenance, metabolism, hormone production, immunity and oxygen transport and other functions
How many essential amino acids in dog
10
how many essential amino acids in cat
11
Name some of the 10/11 essential amino acids
arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
valine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
taurine(cats)
What animal can synthesise taurine
dogs can and cats cannot
What is biological value for protein quality
Proportion of amino acids present in the ingredient/formulation as well as its digestibility
What is a High biological value (protein)
Ingredients/formulations contain the full complement of amino acids required eg. meat, fish, eggs and cheese
What is Low biological value
protein sources have deficiencies in 1 or more amino acids eg oats, wheat, corn and soya
What macronutrient does the body not store if excess consumed
amino acids (protein)
What are fats
energy provision and increase feed palatability, facilitate fat soluble vitamin absorption and provide essential fatty acids
What macronutrient is not essential
carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates used for
Provide energy and for completeness also source of dietary fiber which can be important for normal GI function and health
Name some fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E, K -essential
Name some water soluble vitamins
B vitamins
Why is vitamin C not essential
Dogs and cats can synthesis from glucose
what vitamin can dogs and cats synthesis from glucose
vitamin c
What are minerals
inorganic elements in food required for maintenance of acid- base balance, osmotic pressure/fluid, nerve and muscle activities and normal cellular functions
What are Macrominerals
needed 100mg/ Mcal or more
Name main macrominerals
calcium, phosphorus, chloride, potassium, sodium and magnesium
What are microminerals
needed less than 100mg/Mcal
Name main microminerals
iron, copper, zinc, maganese, selenium, iodine
Typical normal intake of water
50-60 ml/kg/day
Si unit of energy
Joule
Conversion of calorie to joule
1 calorie = 4.184 joules
What is Kilocalorie
kcal=1000 calories
What is Mega calorie (Mcal)
Mcal=1000 kcal
4 basic components of energy expenditure at maintenance
resting energy expenditure
activity-related energy expenditure
heat increment
facultative thermogenesis
What does short term regulation of food involve
CNS and hormones of GI tract
What does long term regulation of food involve
input from adipose tissue producing endocrine and paracrine mediators like leptin, adiponectin and others
Distention of stomach also sends signals to hypothalamus and brainstem
What is the GI hormone that increases appetite (orexigenic)
Ghrelin
What is ghrelin secreted by
gastric epithelial cells and hypothalamic neurons and acts of hypothalamic feeding centre
Name satiety signal hormones
CCK
PPY
Oxyntomodulin
leptin
adinponectin
Where is CCK secreted from and what does it do
secreted postprandially from small intestine and reduces food intake and also effects on the pancreas and gallbladder
protein and fat stimulate increase release of CCK from gut
Where is PYY secreted from and what does it do
L cells of ileum and large intestine. satiety signal and decreases food intake. also inhibits fasting small bowl motility and gastric emptying
Where is Oxyntomodulin secreted from and what does it do
L cells of the intestine and inhibits food intake. Also an incretin and stimulates increase in plasma insulin
Where is Leptin secreted from and what does it do
Protein hormone that helps regulate bodyweight by signaling the amount of fat stored then decrease food intake ( may increase energy expenditure )
Where is Adiponectin secreted from and what does it do
produced by mature adipocytes and is a key adipokine that regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances insulin sensitivity
Name 5 feeding methods
Ad libitum(free choice )
Time-restricted
Food restricted
Feed palatability
Group feeding and social environment
Advantages and disadvantages of Ad Libitum
Adv: self feeding, animal can eat whenever, ideal for cats
disadv: dogs greed can lead to obesity
Advantages and disadvantages of Time restricted feeding method
Adv: set time each day, routine develops for feeding
disadv: some animals can eat a larger quantity in shorter length of time than others, slow eats may not get adequate amounts of nutrition in time allocated
Advantages and disadvantages of Food restricted feeding method
Adv: accurately calculate how long bag of food going to last, same amount of food each day, prevents obesity
disadv: amount must be calculated according to feeding guide for that food
Advantages and disadvantages of feed palatability feeding method
Adv: may limit feed intake if not palatable
disadv: highly palatable may promote overeating
Advantages and disadvantages of group feeding and social environment
Adv: good social environment may facilitate eating of fearful animals
disadv: not social behaviour in domestic cats, ‘weaker’ dog in packs not get any food due to aggression, bullying for food so slow eater not get adequate nutrition, social facilitation-increase feed intake
What is social facilitation (feeding method)
Where a dog increases its feed intake because of other dogs eating resulting in potential weight gain
Name essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid, alpha Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid(cats)
What is GE
gross energy (total energy in feed)
What is DE
digestible energy- energy derived from digestion of feed
What is ME
Metabolisable energy- energy avaliable for use by the animal
What is NE
Net energy- energy actually used by the animal for maintenance and production
What is lost from gross energy
faecal energy
what is lost for digestable energy
urine and gas energy
what is lost from metabolisable energy
heat increment
2 ways of which energy content of diet can be calculated/determind
feeding trials-expensive, most accurate
proximate analysis +/- equations
When can the modified atwater equations be used
both cats and dogs diets
Macronutrients energy levels
carb-3.5kcal/g
protein-3.5kcal/g
fat-8.5kcal/g
When can the NRC equation be used
different for each cats or dogs as uses different fixed values
What is needed to know to determine caloric density of diet
protein, fat, fibre, nitrogen free extract(carbohydrate), moisture, ash
RER logrithmic equation
RER(kcal/day)=70x(bodyweight in kg)^0.75
RER linear formula
animals between 2-45kg
RER(kcal/day)= (30 x bodyweight in (kg)) +70
What is RER
resting energy requirement- amount of energy expended when an animal is completely inactive in a stress-free, non fasted, thermoneutral environement
What is MER
Maintenance energy requirement- amount of energy required to maintain a animal in a state of energy balance, in other words energy needed for an animal to maintain its current weight
Calculation for MER
Dog-95-110 x(bodyweight in kg)^0.75
Cat- lean100xkgBW^0.67
-overweight 130 x kgBW^0.40
Percentage increase for energy requirements of breeding bitch
25-60%
Energy requirements increase for lactation breeding bitch
2-4 times maintenance
Energy requirements increase for breeding queen
140-150% of MER throughout
Energy requirements increase for growing dogs
2x MER in first 6 months(birth to half mature weight)
1.5x half of mature weight
1.2x when 80% of mature weight
4x times a day at weaning, reducing to 2 once they have reached 6 months of age
Energy requirements increase for growing cats
young kittens 12 weeks old require 3x MER of the adult
ad libitum access to food
In dogs and cats, which macronutrient is not stored by the body when consumed in excess?
proteins
In dogs and cats, which vitamin, essential for humans, can they synthesise from glucose?
vitamin C
In the context of nutrition for dogs and cats, what is the SI unit used to measure energy?
Joule(J)
Which hormone is primarily orexigenic (increases appetite) in dogs and cats?
Ghrelin
When feeding dogs in groups, what does the term “social facilitation” refer to?
The increase in feeding behaviour triggered by the presence of other dogs eating.
