Response to trauma

Question 1

define trauma

Question 2

describe and explain the biphasic response to shock

Question 3

Endocrine response during ebb

Answer 3

Sympathetic NS
- Adrenaline release from Adrenal medulla
- Cortisol release from adrenal cortex
– these increase HR and redirect blood flow to vital organs

Question 4

Nervous response during ebb

Question 5

Immune response during ebb

Question 6

Endocrine response during Flow

Question 7

Nervous response during Flow

Question 8

Immune response during Flow

Question 9

describe in detail the biochemical and metabolic changes that occur as a result​ of the biphasic response

Question 10

outline the ‘ebb’ phase of the biphasic response to trauma

Question 11

outline the ‘flow’ phase of the biphasic response to trauma

Question 12

Outline the anabolic phase (recovery)

Question 13

describe what happens to body temperature after trauma

Answer 13

Ebb: decrease in temp after the immune response is triggered

Flow:

Recovery:

Question 14

tranexamic acid

Question 15

hypoxia

Answer 15

low oxygen delivery

Question 16

how does the cori cycle link with the trauma response?

Answer 16

dealing with excess pyruvate:

Question 17

role of ADH in trauma response

Question 18

role of cortisol in trauma response

Question 19

role of adrenaline in trauma response

Question 20

role of glucagon and insulin in trauma response

Question 21

role of GH (growth hormone) in trauma response

Question 22

what are the key pro-inflammatory cytokines in the trauma response, when are they released and what do they do?

Question 23

explain the glucose usage in tissues throughout the trauma response. How is this glucose aquired and how long can this process be sustained for?

Question 24

Trauma response: role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α):

Answer 24

• released rapidly after trauma by activated macrophages
• promotes inflammation
• activates immune cells
• triggers production of other cytokines
• Increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis​

Question 25

Trauma response: role of Interleukin-1 (IL-1):

Answer 25

• released early during ebb by macrophages and monocytes
• activates T cells, stimulating an acute immune response
• Stimulation of muscle protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis​

Question 26

Trauma response: role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6):

Question 27

Trauma response: role of Interleukin-8 (IL-8):

Question 28

Trauma response: role of Interleukin-12 (IL-12):

Question 29

what is the role of alanine transportation and metabolism?

Question 30

What is ALT and why is it important in the trauma response?