Response Inhibition Flashcards
The primary structures implicated in response inhibition by the evidence reviewed by Chambers, Garavan, and Bellgrove are:
A. Subthalamic nucleus, Right inferior temporal gyrus, pre-supplementary motor area
B. Right inferior frontal gyrus, subthalamic nucleus, pre-supplementary motor area
C. Hippocampus, right inferior frontal gyrus, subthalamic nucleus
D. Lateral geniculate nucleus, right inferior frontal gyrus, pre-supplementary motor area
B. Right inferior frontal gyrus, subthalamic nucleus, pre-supplementary motor area
Chambers et al. define response inhibition as:
A. The ability to detect an unexpected stimulus in an unattended location.
B. The temporary retention of information that is no longer in the environment.
C. The ability to suppress behaviors that are inappropriate, unsafe, or no longer required.
D. A deficit in the initiation of goal-directed behaviors.
C. The ability to suppress behaviors that are inappropriate, unsafe, or no longer required.
Which of the following IS NOT an index of inhibition on tasks described by Chambers et al.?
A. Stop signal reaction time
B. Stop signal delay - the time from the onset of the target to the onset of the stop signal.
C. Commission errors on NoGo trials
D. Latency on anti-saccade trials minus latency on pro-saccade trials
B. Stop signal delay - the time from the onset of the target to the onset of the stop signal.
Which of the following is NOT a measure of response inhibition described in the Chambers et al review?
A. The difference between the latency on anti-saccade trials and pro-saccade trials on the anti-saccade task.
B. The distance between the post-delay fixation location and the prior cue location on match trials of the memory-guided saccade task.
C. The number of commission errors on the Go/No Go task
D. The stop signal reaction time from the stop signal task.
B. The distance between the post-delay fixation location and the prior cue location on match trials of the memory-guided saccade task.
All but one of the following describes evidence reviewed by Chambers et al. that the right inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in inhibitory performance. Which of the following IS NOT among the evidence reviewed?
A. When TMS was used to produce a ‘virtual lesion’ in right inferior frontal gyrus, performance on the Stop Signal Task was temporarily impaired.
B. Right inferior frontal gyrus is activated on fMRI during tasks that require the suppression of several kinds of responses.
C. Brain stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus has been observed to improve performance on the anti-saccade task.
D. Impaired performance on the Stop Signal Task has been observed in patients with damage to right inferior frontal gyrus.
C. Brain stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus has been observed to improve performance on the anti-saccade task.
Chambers et al. describe evidence that the pre-supplementary motor area in the medial prefrontal cortex plays a role in inhibitory performance. This evidence includes:
A. Reduced SSRT in patients with damage to preSMA
B. Activation of preSMA during fMRI tasks requiring speech comprehension.
C. Temporary impairment of response inhibition when TMS is used to produce a ‘virtual lesion’ in preSMA
D. Decreased response latency on the Go NoGo task in patients with damage to preSMA
C. Temporary impairment of response inhibition when TMS is used to produce a ‘virtual lesion’ in preSMA
Chambers et al. report that in Parkinson’s Disease, increased SSRT reflects impaired response inhibition, but this impairment is reduced when a structure with major projections to the basal ganglia is stimulated. What is that structure?
A. Locus coeruleus
B. Nucleus basalis of Meynert
C. Superior colliculus
D. Subthalamic nucleus
D. Subthalamic nucleus
According to the neural model presented in Chambers et al., a final common pathway for motor signals to cortex is:
A. GPi/SNr
B. SMA/preSMA
C. rIFG
D. thalamus
E. STN
F. Gpe
D. thalamus
According to the neural model presented in Chambers et al., which of the following is thought to be the source of a neural signal, evoked by detection of the stop signal on stop trials, to stop a prepotent response:
A. Gpe
B. STN
C. GPi/SNr
D. thalamus
E. rIFG
F. SMA/preSMA
E. rIFG
According to the neural model presented in Chambers et al., which of the following is a major source of input to the basal ganglia and a relay of stop signals
A. GPi/SNr
B. Gpe
C. thalamus
D. STN
E. SMA/preSMA
F. rIFG
D. STN
According to the neural model presented in Chambers et al., which of the following is a convergence site for excitatory and inhibitory signals of the direct and indirect motor pathways?
A. GPi/SNr
B. SMA/preSMA
C. rIFG
D. thalamus
E. Gpe
F. STN
A. GPi/SNr
In studies reviewed by Chambers et al., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been associated with:
A. Evidence that all individuals with ADHD have significant impairment on the Stop Signal Task.
B. Some forms of common genetic variation (genetic polymorphisms), usually in genes related to cholinergic neuroreceptors.
C. Alterations in brain structure and functional activation in inferior frontal gyrus and basal ganglia, particularly in the left hemisphere.
D. Increases in average stop signal reaction time (SSRT) on the Stop Signal Task in groups of study participants with ADHD.
D. Increases in average stop signal reaction time (SSRT) on the Stop Signal Task in groups of study participants with ADHD.
Which of the following is NOT among the evidence reviewed by Chambers et al. suggesting that inhibitory function may be an “endophenotype” for ADHD?
A. Genetic risk factors for ADHD have sometimes been associated with worse inhibitory function in general population samples.
B. Poor inhibitory function is not present in all individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD.
C. Poor inhibitory function has sometimes been observed in unaffected (without ADHD) family members of individuals with ADHD.
D. Unaffected (without ADHD) family members of individuals with ADHD have sometimes shown altered patterns of brain activation on fMRI during inhibitory tasks.
B. Poor inhibitory function is not present in all individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD.
As reviewed in Chambers et al, which of the following has been associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
A. Increased Stop Signal Reaction Time on the Stop Signal Task and decreased brain activation in inferior and middle frontal cortex during the Go/No Go Task.
B. Increased Stop Signal Reaction Time on the Stop Signal Task and increased brain activation in inferior and middle frontal cortex during the Go/No Go Task.
C. Decreased Stop Signal Reaction Time on the Stop Signal Task and increased brain activation in inferior and middle frontal cortex during the Go/No Go Task.
D. Decreased Stop Signal Reaction Time on the Stop Signal Task and decreased brain activation in inferior and middle frontal cortex during the Go/No Go Task.
Submit Answer
A. Increased Stop Signal Reaction Time on the Stop Signal Task and decreased brain activation in inferior and middle frontal cortex during the Go/No Go Task.
Chambers et al. report that studies of ADHD and OCD have suggested that genetic variation that affects the following neuromodulatory systems may be related to inhibitory dysfunction:
A. Serotonergic and dopaminergic
B. Cholinergic and serotonergic
C. Dopaminergic and cholinergic
D. Dopaminergic and noradrenergic
A. Serotonergic and dopaminergic
