Depression Flashcards
As reported in Kessler et al., 2005 the approximate lifetime prevalence rate in the U.S. for any mood disorder is which?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 30%
C. 20%
Which is the best description of the symptoms of depression?
A. negative emotions and physiological symptoms
B. negative emotions, physiological symptoms, and suicidality
C. negative emotions
D. negative emotions, physiological symptoms, and effects on cognition.
D. negative emotions, physiological symptoms, and effects on cognition.
According to Insel: Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the evidence from animal models of depression (stress models)?
A. Chronic stress produces some behaviors resembling human depression
B. Chronic stress upregulates brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
C. Antidepressants increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus
D. Chronic stress reduces neurogenesis in the hippocampus
B. Chronic stress upregulates brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
The subgenual anterior cingulate was likely named after the:
A. Body of the corpus callosum (midportion of callosum that lies posterior to the genu on the midline views of the callosum)
B. Genu of the corpus callosum (anterior midline crossing of the callosum that looks like a frontal bulb on the midline views of the callosum)
C. Isthmus of the corpus callosum (midportion of callosum that lies just anterior to the splenium and often exhibits narrowing on the midline views of the callosum)
D. Splenium of the corpus callosum (posterior midline crossing of the callosum that looks like a posterior bulb on the midline views of the callosum)
B. Genu of the corpus callosum (anterior midline crossing of the callosum that looks like a frontal bulb on the midline views of the callosum)
Which of the following did Insel cite as observations supporting a role for the subgenual anterior cingulate in depression?
A. That lesions here have been reported to alleviate depressive symptoms
B. That there is a high density of dopamine receptors.
C. Reports of increased gray matter volume in this region in depressed individuals.
D. Reports that stimulation of the region sometimes alleviates depressive symptoms
D. Reports that stimulation of the region sometimes alleviates depressive symptoms
According to Pezawas et al., which of the following has been found to be a risk factor for developing depression?
A. A form of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene
B. Low autonomic arousal levels.
C. Inadequate environmental stress associated with challenging life events
D. High scores on the extroversion scale on personality tests.
A. A form of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene
In the Pezawas et al. (2005) study, individuals with a high depression risk (s-allele) polymorphism for the serotonin transporter gene had lower gray matter in which structures, relative to individuals with the low risk genotype?
A. amygdala and hippocampus
B. subgenual anterior cingulate and ventral striatum
C. amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate
D. amygdala and ventral striatum
C. amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate
Pezawas et al. reported that functional connectivity between which 2 brain structures was correlated with risk factors for depression?
A. hippocampus and amygdala
B. orbitofrontal and posterior cingulate cortex
C. orbitofrontal and anterior insula cortex
D. amygdala and subgenual cingulate cortex
D. amygdala and subgenual cingulate cortex
Pezawas et al. speculate that genetic differences may result in alterations in neural connections that:
A. Alter the inhibitory regulation of the cingulate cortex by the amygala
B. Alter the inhibitory regulation of the amygdala by the cingulate cortex
C. Increase the excitability of the amygdala and cingulate cortex
D. Decrease the excitability of the amygdala and cingulate cortex
B. Alter the inhibitory regulation of the amygdala by the cingulate cortex
The role of the serotonin transporter polymorphism in risk for depression remains very controversial after much research in recent years; however, many investigators continue to find evidence for:
A. A link to amygdala volume
B. A link to emotional sensitivity or vulnerability
C. A strong causal link to depression
D. A correlation with childhood abuse
B. A link to emotional sensitivity or vulnerability
