Attention Basics Flashcards
Views that have guided recent attempts to understand attention are described in the section on “Attention Basics”. Which of the following IS NOT consistent with one of these views?
A. Attention is necessary for selection of behavior because of mental resource limitations.
B. A cognitive and behavioral “bottleneck” occurs that prevents us from carrying out many cognitive and perceptual tasks simultaneously.
C. Attention is the means by which sensory input influences behavior.
D. Attention is a process for coordinating information processing to reach goals.
C. Attention is the means by which sensory input influences behavior.
What kind of attention is goal directed?
A. Exogenous
B. Endogenous
C. Overt
D. Covert
B. Endogenous
What kind of attention is selective enhancement of perceptual processing without physical orienting?
A. Exogenous
B. Endogenous
C. Covert
D. Overt
C. Covert
What kind of attention is voluntary?
A. Covert
B. Overt
C. Endogenous
D. Exogenous
C. Endogenous
What kind of attention is accompanied by physical or oculomotor orienting?
A. Endogenous
B. Exogenous
C. Overt
D. Covert
C. Overt
What kind of attention is stimulus-driven?
A. Endogenous
B. Overt
C. Exogenous
D. Covert
C. Exogenous
What kind of attention is automatic or involuntary?
A. Exogenous
B. Overt
C. Covert
D. Endogenous
A. Exogenous
Treisman and Gelade’s work revealed some basic principles that govern visual search? Which of the following is true about their results?
A. In visual search tasks for a target that has a particular feature conjunction - among distracters that have similar features - search time is similar regardless of how many distracters are in the array.
B. In visual search tasks for a target that differs from the distracters on only a single feature, search time increases in proportion to how many distracters are in the array.
C. In visual search tasks for a target that has a particular feature conjunction - among distracters that have similar features - search time scales exponentially with the number of distracters in the array.
D. In visual search tasks for a target that differs from the distracters on only a single feature, search time is similar regardless of how many distracters are in the array.
D. In visual search tasks for a target that differs from the distracters on only a single feature, search time is similar regardless of how many distracters are in the array.
The phenomenon that occurs when a feature in a particular context draws automatic attention, known as the pop-out phenomenon, is associated with:
A. both top-down and bottom-up attentional mechanisms.
B. neither top-down nor bottom-up attentional mechanisms.
C. top-down attentional mechanisms.
D. bottom-up attentional mechanisms.
D. bottom-up attentional mechanisms.
Activity changes in visual maps associated with the selection of a specific location for attention:
A. are coincident with the appearance of a stimulus in that location.
B. follow the appearance of a stimulus in that location within 50ms.
C. occur before and during presentation of a stimulus in that location
D. occur before the appearance of a stimulus in that location.
C. occur before and during presentation of a stimulus in that location
A consistently reported correlate of the selection of a particular location for overt or covert attention is:
A. Increased firing rate or activity in the attended location in a retinotopic map in V1 (primary visual cortex).
B. Reduced firing rate or activity in the attended location in visual maps throughout the brain.
C. Increased firing rate or activity in the attended location in visual maps throughout the brain.
D. Reduced firing rate or activity in the attended location in a retinotopic map in V1 (primary visual cortex).
C. Increased firing rate or activity in the attended location in visual maps throughout the brain.
Which of the following is true regarding the extent and distribution of attentional modulation of neural responses in the brain?
A. Attentional modulation is graded in the ventral but not the dorsal visual stream.
B. Attentional modulation is graded from highest in low- level processing areas to lowest in high- level processing areas.
C. Attentional modulation is graded from highest in high-level processing areas to lowest in low level processing areas.
D. Attentional modulation is graded in the dorsal but not the ventral visual stream.
C. Attentional modulation is graded from highest in high-level processing areas to lowest in low level processing areas.
In the human brain, topographically organized visual field maps can be found in:
A. Regions encompassing the ventral and dorsal visual streams
B. Primary visual (striate) cortex
C. Striate and extrastriate occipital lobe cortex
D. Cortical and subcortical visual processing regions and frontoparietal attention regions
D. Cortical and subcortical visual processing regions and frontoparietal attention regions
The salience of “pop out” phenomena reflects the sensitivity of low level maps to context effects – thus is which:
A. Motor salience
B. Cognitive salience
C. Perceptual salience
D. Motivational salience
C. Perceptual salience
Anatomical structures implicated in orienting of attention overlap heavily with areas involved in which type of behavior:
A. Reaching toward objects
B. Shifting of gaze
C. Rotation of the head and trunk
D. Vocalization
B. Shifting of gaze
