Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Baloney > Respirology > Flashcards

Respirology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main pathogenic causes of pneumonia in children?

A

RSV, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia trachomatis, Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do you typically see hemorrhagic pleural effusion?

A

As the sequela to a pulmonary embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 major sequelae of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  1. ) Persistence of the patent ductus arteriosus
  2. ) Necrotizing enterocolitis

Both are caused by hypoxemia in the neonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the condition:

Collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest (Pleural space)

A

Empyema

Typically occurring from bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or trauma to the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what condition do you find plexiform lesions?

A

Long standing pulmonary hypertension (a tuft of capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Restrictive lung condition with non-caseating granulomas

A

Sarcoidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

With respect to a pulmonary contusion, when does hypoxemia and poor ventilation onset after a blunt chest injury?

A

24-48 hours after the injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What bacteria is the most comon cause of lobar pneumonia in bed-ridden people and alcoholics?

A

Klebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the typical sequela of asbestos inhalation?

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common consequence of a pulmonary contusion?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autoantibodies against the basement membrane of the kidneys and lungs causing hematuria and hemoptysis

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

Occurs mainly in men between the ages of 30-40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prolonged expiration with pursed lips

A

Emphysema

The pursed lips increases back-pressure on the bronchioles which will prevent the collapse of the respective airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pleuritic chest pain?

A

Chest pain associated with inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical features of lung sarcoidosis?

A

1.) Dyspnea/Cough
2.) Elevated serum ACE
3.) Hypercalcermia
i.) The granulomas may activate vitamin D (activates 1 alpha hydroxylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what direction does the trachea shift from a pneumothroax?

A

Ipsilateral to a spontaneous pneumothorax (rupture of the emphysematous bleb)

Contralateral to a tension pneumothorax (trauma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale

A

Increased PaCO2 & decreased PaO2 in the lung cause blood vessels to constrict and shunt blood to another area of the lung, that is properly diffusing oxygen and carbon dioxide. In some cases (example = chronic bronchitis), the poor diffusion of gases is diffusely present, resulting in diffuse respiratory blood vessel constriction. The vasoconstriction results in an increase in pulmonary blood pressure and eventually fatigues the right ventricle of the heart. Long-term that results in Right-sided heart failure, aka Cor Pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is a tension pneumothorax a medical emergency?

A

The pressure from a tension pneumothorax may interfere normal heart function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of Woolsorter’s disease (Pulmonary anthrax)?

A
  1. ) Pulmonary hemorrhage
  2. ) Mediastinitis
  3. ) Shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do you typically see transudative pleural effusion?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chronic desquamating eosinophilic bronchitis of the small and medium airways

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the chances of a pulmonary embolism with DVT?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What COPD condition results in foul-smelling sputum?

A

Bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do you typically see exudative pleural effusion?

A

Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Chronic Bronchitis

A

1.) Chronic productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

Inadequate surfactant levels (because the Type-II pneumocytes are deficient)

Type-II pneumocytes have 2 functions: i.) produces surfactant; ii.) stem cell for lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the condition:

Localized sharp pain made worse by inhalation, movement, or cough

A

Pleuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Destruction of the alveoli in the lung leading to reduced elastic recoil and obstructive airflow

A

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common consequence of a pulmonary contusion?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What pneumoconiosis may cause pleural plaques and pleural effusion, and increases the risk of mesothelioma?

A

Asbestosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What electrolyte is significantly elevated in the sweat of a patient with cystic fibrosis?

A

Chloride > 80 meq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  1. ) What is the cause of Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?
  2. ) Describe the symptoms of IRDS
A

1.) Cause = immature lung structure and/or insufficient surfactant causing hyaline membrane disease. It most commonly occurs in premature neonates

2.) Symptoms
   i.) Tachypnea & Tachycardia
   ii.) Chest wall retraction
   iii.) Expiratory grunting with nasal flaring
   iv.) Cyanosis
32
Q

Allergens associated with asthma induce a Th2 phenotype in CD4+ T Cells that results in the release of what cytokines? What do each of the respective cytokines do?

A

1.) IL-4
i.) Allows plasma cells to class switch to IgE
a.) Activates mast cells leading to inflammation
b.) Perpetuates bronchoconstriction
2.) IL-5 (Calls in Eosinophils)
3.) IL-10
i.) Inhibits Th1 & promotes Th2 response (potentiates the asthma reaction)

33
Q

What is the best test for monitoring COPD progression?

A

Spirometry

34
Q

What is the primary preventative strategy for suspected infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

If the mother goes into labour prematurely the infant will be at a greater risk of IRDS. The mother will be given glucocorticoids to speed the production of surfactant in the neonate

35
Q

What are the 3 risk factors associated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

1.) Prematurity
2.) C-section
i.) Vaginal birth is a stressful period for the infant. The stress results in a release of glucocorticoids that stimulate surfactant
3.) Maternal Diabetes
i.) Hyperinsulinemia suppresses surfactant release

36
Q

What are the main treatment interventions for a pulmonary contusion?

A

Large contusions may affect gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia (after 24-48 hours). Close monitoring of vitals and oxygen delivery may be required. Tracheal intubation may also be required.

37
Q

What is heard on auscultation of a patient with pleuritis?

A

Friction Rub

38
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?

A
  1. ) Chronic Cough
  2. ) Failure to Thrive
  3. ) Pancreatic insufficiency (steatorrhea)
  4. ) Alkalosis
  5. ) Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)
  6. ) Nasal Polyps
  7. ) Clubbing of Fingers
  8. ) Rectal Prolapse
  9. ) Elevated Electrolytes in Sweat (salty skin)
  10. ) Sputum with Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas

Mnemonic = CF PANNCREAS

39
Q

What is Pneumoconioses?

A

Interstitial fibrosis (restrictive lung condition) caused by occupational exposure of small particles that are fibrogenic (caused by macrophages in the bottom of the lung)

Some examples include: coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis

40
Q

Berylliosis -similarly to sarcoidosis- is characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in the lungs and hilar lymph nodes. What are the sequelae of the granulomas? Where would a patient be exposed to berylliosis?

A
  1. ) Fibrosis and eventual Cor Pulmonale

2. ) Aerospace factories & Nuclear plants

41
Q

What is the only way to improve survival in patients with COPD?

A

Home Oxygen Therapy

42
Q

What COPD condition may result in secondary amyloidosis?

A

Bronchiectasis

43
Q

What is the most common restrictive condition of the lungs?

A

Interstitial Fibrosis

44
Q

What are the most common symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A
  1. ) Chronic Productive Cough (foul yellow-green sputum daily)
  2. ) Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain
  3. ) Fever
45
Q

If a patient is given a bronchodilator and the wheeze has not improved, what are your 3 DDxs?

A
  1. ) Foreign Body
  2. ) Cancer
  3. ) Abscess
46
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

1.) Damage (sepsis, infection, shock, trauma, aspiration, etc) to capillary interface of the alveoli.
i.) Results in leaking of protein-rich fluid
2.) The protein-rich fluid is then reorganized into a Hyaline Membrane
3.) The Hyaline membranes then cause the following complications:
i.) Thickened diffusion area for gases resulting in hypoxemia
ii.) Increased surface tension of the alveoli resulting in collapsed air sacs

47
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments. Symptoms include: chest tightness, rapidly progressive dyspnea (shortness of breath), dry cough, use of accessory muscles, laboured breathing, and extreme wheezing. It is a life-threateningepisode of airway obstruction considered a medical emergency.

48
Q

What are the major causes of bronchiectasis?

A
  1. ) Infections that damage the airway (pneumonia, tuberculosis)
  2. ) Foreign object blocking off part of the airway
  3. ) Cystic Fibrosis
49
Q

In atelectasis, what direction does the trachea shift?

A

Ipsilateral

50
Q

What prompts the destruction of alveoli in emphysema?

A

An imbalance of preteases and antiproteases (Alpha-1-antitrypsin)

  1. ) Smoking (m/c cause of emphysema) prompts excessive release of proteases
  2. ) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (relatively rare)
51
Q

What is a major consequence of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Interstitial fibrosis

52
Q

Local health authorities need to be notified of Diphtheria immediately. What are its sequelae?

A
  1. ) Myocarditis
  2. ) Peripheral Nerve Palsy
  3. ) Respiratory distress
53
Q

What condition is associated with a grey pseudomembranous pharynx?

A

Diphtheria

54
Q

What is Rheumatic Fever?

A
  1. ) Subcutaneous nodules = pea sized, firm, non-tender on extensor surfaces
  2. ) Pancarditis (Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium)
  3. ) Arthritis (migratory) = very tender, red, warm, swollen joints
  4. ) Chorea (Sydenham’s Chorea)
  5. ) Erythema marginatum = pink macules on the trunk with central blanching (non-pruritic)

Mnemonic: SPACE

55
Q

What complication of Strep Throat occurs irrespective of antibiotic treatment?

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

56
Q

What nutraceutical can be given to patients experiencing significant fatigue associated with CMV?

A

CoQ10 500mg

57
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Asthma?

A

Type 1 involving IgE

58
Q

What are the potential consequences of Group A Strep throat if left untreated?

A 
1.) Suppurative Complications
   a.) Otitis Media, Sinusitis
   b.) Pneumonia
   c.) Mastoiditis
2.) Direct Extension
   a.) Retropharyngeal Abscess
3.) Scarlet Fever & Rheumatic Fever
4.) Hematogenous Spread
   a.) Bone - Osteomyelitis
   b.) Meningitis
59
Q

Name the condition:

Focal caseating necrosis in the lower lobe of the lung that fibroses and calcifies to form a Ghon complex

A

Primary Tuberculosis

60
Q

What is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia?

A

Adults = Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Infants = RSV
Immunodeficient Patients = CMV

61
Q

Name the condition:

Eosinophilic debris in the alveoli of patients working within the sandblasting, mining, or glass manufacturing industries

A

Silicosis caused by the inhalation of Silicon dioxide

62
Q
  1. ) Klebsiella-related pneumonia forms what type of pattern on chest xray?
  2. ) What patients are most likely to have Klebsiella pneumonia?
A
  1. ) Lobar Pneumonia with significant risk of abscess formation
  2. ) Elderly in nursing homes, alcoholics, and diabetics; because they are at an increased risk of aspiration. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an enteric bacteria that is aspirated
63
Q

Name the condition:

Pleuritic chest pain with lobar consolidation on X-Ray. The sputum is a gelatinous jelly currant-type mucus

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

64
Q

Infectious lung condition that is acquired by inhalation of the pathogen’s spores in Arizona, California, New Mexico, or Texas

A

Coccidiomycosis

65
Q

What makes atypical pneumonia, atypical?

A
  1. ) It is a diffuse infiltrative pneumonia
  2. ) The symptoms are mild (referred to as walking pneumonia)
  3. ) Atypical Microorganisms infecting the lung parenchyma (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, CMV, RSV, H. influenzae)
  4. ) Infects people not generally predisposed to illness (military recruits, college students)
66
Q

Pneumonia normally presents with a low fever. In one sub-classification of atypical pneumonia, patients may present with a high fever- termed Q Fever. What is the causative rickettsial agent?

A

Coxsiella burnetii

This version of atypical pneumonia is seen in farmers andveterinarians

Note: Coxsiella is an atypical rickettsial microorganism because it does not require an arthropod vector and does not cause a skin rash. It is also atypical because it causes pneumonia

67
Q

Name the condition:

A pathogen spread via pigeon droppings. This pathogen can cause pneumonia and meningitis; more commonly meningitis in immunocompromised people.

A

Cryptococcal neoformans (encapsulated yeast)

68
Q

What is the most common organ to be affected by systemic tuberculosis (other than the lung)?

A

Kidney; causing sterile pyuria

69
Q

Where does secondary TB occur?

A

Secondary TB is the reactivation of TB from the Ghon complex of the lower lobe and is commonly associated with immunodeficiency

70
Q

What 3 patterns can be seen in pneumonia on chest xray?

A

1.) Lobar pneumonia (Usually bacterial)
2.) Bronchopneumonia (Usually Bacterial)
3.) Interstitial pneumonia (increase in lung markings)
i.) Atypical pneumonia, usually associated with a viral infection

71
Q

What is the most common cause of Secondary Pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Secondary pneumonia is a bacterial pneumonia superimposed on a viral pneumonia that knocked out the mucociliary escalator, making it easier for bacteria to colonize the bronchioles

72
Q

50% of cases involving this condition are related to the aspiration of bacteria while the patient is in a recumbent position (most likely during coma, stroke, anesthesia, substance abuse). The symptoms include fever, chills, pain, weight loss, and foul smelling sputum

A

Lung abscess

73
Q

What are the complications associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

A
  1. ) Hemolytic anemia (r/t cold agglutinin disease from elevated IgM antibody titers)
  2. ) Erythema multiforme
74
Q

What are the most common causes of Lobar Pneumonia?

A

Lobar pneumonia is usually a bacterial infection

1.) Streptococcus pneumoniae (95%)
i.) Most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (middle-aged adults & elderly)

2.) Klebsiella pneumoniae
i.) Enteric flora that is aspirated; nursing homes, alcoholics, diabetics

75
Q
  1. ) Mycoplasma pneumoniae produces what pattern of pneumonia?
  2. ) What population group are predisposed?
A
  1. ) Atypical (Interstitial) Pneumonia

2. ) Military recruits, college students living in a dorm

76
Q

Do the typical TB related symptoms (Fever, night sweats, cough with hemptysis, weight loss) occur in primary or secondary TB?

A

Secondary

In Primary TB it is rare to have symptoms. The only sign is usually a Ghon complex in the lower lobe

Baloney (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions