Respirology Flashcards
What are the main pathogenic causes of pneumonia in children?
RSV, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia trachomatis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
When do you typically see hemorrhagic pleural effusion?
As the sequela to a pulmonary embolus
What are the 2 major sequelae of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
- ) Persistence of the patent ductus arteriosus
- ) Necrotizing enterocolitis
Both are caused by hypoxemia in the neonate
Name the condition:
Collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest (Pleural space)
Empyema
Typically occurring from bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or trauma to the chest
In what condition do you find plexiform lesions?
Long standing pulmonary hypertension (a tuft of capillaries)
Restrictive lung condition with non-caseating granulomas
Sarcoidosis
With respect to a pulmonary contusion, when does hypoxemia and poor ventilation onset after a blunt chest injury?
24-48 hours after the injury
What bacteria is the most comon cause of lobar pneumonia in bed-ridden people and alcoholics?
Klebsiella
What is the typical sequela of asbestos inhalation?
Pulmonary Fibrosis
What is the most common consequence of a pulmonary contusion?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Autoantibodies against the basement membrane of the kidneys and lungs causing hematuria and hemoptysis
Goodpasture’s syndrome
Occurs mainly in men between the ages of 30-40
Prolonged expiration with pursed lips
Emphysema
The pursed lips increases back-pressure on the bronchioles which will prevent the collapse of the respective airway
What is pleuritic chest pain?
Chest pain associated with inhalation
What are the clinical features of lung sarcoidosis?
1.) Dyspnea/Cough
2.) Elevated serum ACE
3.) Hypercalcermia
i.) The granulomas may activate vitamin D (activates 1 alpha hydroxylase)
In what direction does the trachea shift from a pneumothroax?
Ipsilateral to a spontaneous pneumothorax (rupture of the emphysematous bleb)
Contralateral to a tension pneumothorax (trauma)
Describe the pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale
Increased PaCO2 & decreased PaO2 in the lung cause blood vessels to constrict and shunt blood to another area of the lung, that is properly diffusing oxygen and carbon dioxide. In some cases (example = chronic bronchitis), the poor diffusion of gases is diffusely present, resulting in diffuse respiratory blood vessel constriction. The vasoconstriction results in an increase in pulmonary blood pressure and eventually fatigues the right ventricle of the heart. Long-term that results in Right-sided heart failure, aka Cor Pulmonale
Why is a tension pneumothorax a medical emergency?
The pressure from a tension pneumothorax may interfere normal heart function
What are the symptoms of Woolsorter’s disease (Pulmonary anthrax)?
- ) Pulmonary hemorrhage
- ) Mediastinitis
- ) Shock
When do you typically see transudative pleural effusion?
Congestive Heart Failure
Chronic desquamating eosinophilic bronchitis of the small and medium airways
Asthma
What are the chances of a pulmonary embolism with DVT?
50%
What COPD condition results in foul-smelling sputum?
Bronchiectasis
When do you typically see exudative pleural effusion?
Infections
Define Chronic Bronchitis
1.) Chronic productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years
What is the cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Inadequate surfactant levels (because the Type-II pneumocytes are deficient)
Type-II pneumocytes have 2 functions: i.) produces surfactant; ii.) stem cell for lung
Name the condition:
Localized sharp pain made worse by inhalation, movement, or cough
Pleuritis
Destruction of the alveoli in the lung leading to reduced elastic recoil and obstructive airflow
Emphysema
What is the most common consequence of a pulmonary contusion?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
What pneumoconiosis may cause pleural plaques and pleural effusion, and increases the risk of mesothelioma?
Asbestosis
What electrolyte is significantly elevated in the sweat of a patient with cystic fibrosis?
Chloride > 80 meq/L