Respiratory Viruses Flashcards
What are modes of respiratory virus transmission?
- Direct contact
- Airborne transmission: Aerosol or droplet
- Contaminated fomites e.g. surfaces
What are the characteristics of a droplet?
Over 5 micrometers
Transmission distance <1 metre
Can remain airborne for hours
Deposited mainly on mucous membranes and the upper respiratory tract
What are the characteristics of an aerosol?
Less than 5 micrometers in size
Transmission distance <1 metre
Can remain airborne indefinitely
Deposited mainly on the lower respiratory tract
Which viruses are capable of spreading via the respiratory route but are not capable of causing respiratory disease?
Measles Mumps Rubella Chicken pox- varicella zoster virus Small pox- variola virus
Which viruses are capable of respiratory disease?
Coronaviruses: MERS, SARS Adenoviruses Influenza viruses Rhinoviruses Parainfluenza Respiratory Syncytial Virus= RSV Human metapneumovirus
Measles is capable of transmission via?
The respiratory route
Which human virus is the most contagious?
Measles
What glycoproteins are present on the surface of measles?
Fusion
Hemagglutinin
What receptors can measles use to enter cells?
CD46
SLAM
Nectin-4
SLAM?
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule
SLAM receptor is located on?
Immune cells
How can measles infect individuals?
Airborne transmissible
Enters and can bind to the SLAM receptor located on dendritic cells
Transported to the lymph and the blood where there are more lymphocytes expressing SLAM which measles can infect more lymphocytes and immune cells
What is the R0 of measles?
12-18
What is the entry receptor for measles?
SLAM
What is the exit receptor for measles?
Nectin-4
How does measles exit occur?
Binding to the Nectin-4 exit receptor which is present on the basal side of the airway epithelium. Enters the epithelial cell, can undergo a round of replication and can be expelled where it can transmit to other individuals
What is the entry receptor of measles?
SLAM
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecules
What is the exit receptor of measles?
Nectin-4
Measles genome?
-ssRNA
Measles baltimore?
Group V
Measles order?
Mononegavirales
Measles has a high R0 of?
12-18
Rhinovirus order?
Picornavirales
Rhinovirus family?
Picornaviridae
Rhinovirus genus?
Enterovirus
Other members of the enterovirus include?
Poliovirus
Coxsackievirus
Genome of rhinovirus?
+ssRNA
Baltimore classification of rhinovirus?
IV
Rhinovirus causes?
The common cold
Rhinovirus genome structure?
+ssRNA
Attached to VPg protein at the 5’ end
5’ IRES which allows CAP independent translation
Genome encodes a polyprotein which can be post-translationally cleaved into individual proteins
What proteins does the genome encode for?
Structural and non-structural proteins
First the genome is cleaved into?
P1, P2 and P3
P1 encodes the structural proteins
P2 and P3 encode the non-structural proteins
P1 can be further processed into which proteins?
VP0, VP1 and VP3
VP0 structure?
N myristoylated
How is VP0 N’ myristoylated?
By the host cell N’-myrisotyltransferase
What is the function of N’-myristoylated VP0?
Important in capsid assembly
What is the most common disease affecting mankind?
The common cold
How many years of someone’s life is spend with a cold?
2-3 years of a person’s life is spent with a cold
Rhinovirus capsid structure?
Made up of structural proteins: VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4
VP1,2,3 are found on the outer capsid. They form protomers, 5 protomers form a pentamer and 12 pentamers are required to make the icosahedral capsid
VP4 is localised within the capsid where it binds to the +ssRNA
Which structural proteins account for the antigenic diversity of rhinoviruses?
VP1, VP2 and VP3
When is VP0 cleaved to form VP2 and VP4?
During maturation
What does VP1 form?
VP1 forms a star-shaped plateau on the five-fold axis
What surrounds the star-shaped dome/plateau of VP1?
A deep canyon
Where does the host cell receptor bind?
Usually bind in the canyon
What can be found within the canyon?
A hydrophobic pocket, containing the pocket factor lipid
What is the importance of the pocket factor lipid?
To stabilise the virion
Upon receptor binding what happens to the pocket factor lipid?
It is released and the capsid destabilises
Where is the pocket factor lipid originally from?
It is host cell derived
Mimicking the pocket factor lipid is a potential?
Drug target
If the pocket factor is not released?
Destabilisation of the capsid cannot occur
Cell invasion cannot occur
Why do we catch influenza yearly?
We catch influenza yearly due to the antigenic drift which occurs
Do we catch the common cold annually due to antigenic drift?
No
Why do we catch the common cold annually?
As there are around 160 serotypes of the common cold co-circulating
The 160 serotypes of rhinovirus can be divided into which three groups?
Groups: A, B and C