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MM- Viruses > Influenza Pandemics > Flashcards

Influenza Pandemics Flashcards

1
Q

Which flu occurred in 1918?

A

Spanish flu

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2
Q

Spanish flu subtype?

A

H1N1

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3
Q

Which flu occurred in 1957?

A

Asian flu

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4
Q

Asian flu subtype?

A

H2N2

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5
Q

Which flu occurred in 1968?

A

Hong Kong flu

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6
Q

Hong Kong flus subtype?

A

H3N2

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7
Q

Which flu threat occurred in 1997?

A

Avian bird flu threat H5N1

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8
Q

Which flu occurred in 2009?

A

Swine flu

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9
Q

Swine flu subtype?

A

H1N1

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10
Q

Which flu threat occurred in 2012?

A

Avian bird flu threat H7N9

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11
Q

Why is H7N9 so concerning?

A

Dual receptor binding affinity
In February 2017 noticed HPAI - was causing chickens do die
PB2 627K mutation has been observed in the virus infecting humans

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12
Q

Where did Spanish flu start?

A

Kansas

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13
Q

Why was Spanish flu so severe?

A

Caused cytokine degranulation

Caused a cytokine storm to occur

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14
Q

Spanish flu killed an estimated?

A

20 to 50 million individuals

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15
Q

Why was it thought that the Hong Kong flu was not so severe?

A

Was H3N2
Has the same neuraminidase as the flu virus from the 1957 Asian flu threat: H2N2
May have had some cross-reactive immunity due to the shared neuraminidase

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16
Q

The Gain of Function research looked at which influenza in particular?

A

H5N1

17
Q

Gain of Function research aimed to?

A

Establish which mutations would be required to make H5N1 transmissible between humans and to evaluate the likelihood of this occurring in nature

18
Q

Gain of function research allowed the spread of H5N1 between?

A

Ferrets

19
Q

What are the benefits of gain of function research?

A
  • Allows us to establish what mutations are required for transmission between humans
  • Allows us to evaluate which influenza viruses are the most likely to cause pandemics
  • Allows governments to make informed decisions about which vaccines they would like to stockpile
  • Has given us an insight into what is needed for bird flu to spread in humans e.g. PB2 mutation
  • Aids in drug development
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of gain of function research?

A
  • Threat to biosafety and biosecurity
  • Could be used in bioterrorism if we make the information readily available to all
  • There is a threat of release, accidental release may occur
21
Q

What are the alternatives to gain of function research?

A

IRAT
Influenza Risk Analysis Tool
Created by the WHO and industry experts
States that the virus most likely to cause the next pandemic is H7N9

22
Q

Swine flu has now become?

A

Seasonal flu

23
Q

Where did swine flu first appear?

A

First appeared in Mexico

24
Q

Swine flu originated in?

A

Pigs

25
Q

What is H3N2v?

A

Influenza variant virus

26
Q

H3N2v originated in?

A

Pigs

27
Q

How can H3N2v spread to humans?

A

When humans are in close proximity to pigs e.g. at agricultural fairs

28
Q

Why might it be worth creating a vaccine/stockpiling drugs against H3N2v?

A

Does not seem to be changing

Antigenically stable

29
Q

Why is H3N2v not evolving and developing mutations?

A

Pigs do not live long enough (slaughter) to become re-infected. This means there is no selection pressure from the immune system to cause the virus to drift.

30
Q

H3N2v can be described as evolutionarily?

A

Static

31
Q

When did H7N9 cause its first human death?

A

2013

32
Q

What happened to h7N9 in February 2017?

A

Was seen to kill chickens

Became HPAI

33
Q

HPAI?

A

Highly pathogenic avian influenza

34
Q

H7N9 human mortality rate?

A

Extremely high

40%

35
Q

Why is H7N9 so concerning?

A

Shows dual receptor binding ability
Has been shown to undergo the PB2 627K mutation in infected humans
High mortality rate in humans: 40%

36
Q

What was the Chinese government’s response to H7N9?

A

Began vaccinating chickens against H7N9 in 2017

37
Q

What is a cheap cost-effective way of identifying if a person is infected with influenza?

A

Influenza hemagglutinin assay

38
Q

What is a way of identifying the subtype someone is infected with?

A

Agglutination inhibition
If you are able to prevent agglutination by using antibodies against a specific subtype of influenza hemagglutinin you can confirm the hemagglutinin subtype an individual is infected with

MM- Viruses (13 decks)

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