respiratory ventilation

Question 1

what is required in all body processes

does the production of this require

what is produced by this molecule

Answer 1

ATP

oxygen

CO2

Question 2

what zone includes only passages that serve airflow

is there gas exchange

where does this zone start and end

Answer 2

conducting zone

no

nostrils through major bronchioles

Question 3

what zone of the respiratory system consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

Answer 3

respiratory zone

Question 4

what is the windpipe

where is it to the esophagus

what is it supported by

what type of cells is it lined by

what cells within it secrete mucous

Answer 4

trachea

anterior

hyaline cartilage

pseudostratified columnar

golblet cells

Question 5

what mechanism allows for mucous to make it up the trachea

Answer 5

mucocillary escalator

Question 6

what are bronchi lined with

do they secrete mucous

what constricts or dilates the airway in bronchi

Answer 6

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

yes

smooth muscle

Question 7

what are bronchioles lined with

what muscle do they contain

Answer 7

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

smooth

Question 8

how many terminal bronchioles are there

do they have mucous

do they have cilia

Answer 8

65k

no

yes

Question 9

where are alveoli

Answer 9

at the end of bronchioles

Question 10

about the 2 types of alveoli cells:

which kind cover 95% of alveolar surface

what type secrete surfactant and cover other 5%

what cells are most numerous in cells in lungs

Answer 10

squamous type 1

great type 2

macrophage dust cells

Question 11

why would fluid in lungs be fatal

Answer 11

gasses would diffuse too slowly to aerate blood

Question 12

how is alveoli kept fry to prevent fluid accumulation (range too)

what overrides filtration in capillaries to achieve this as well

Answer 12

low pressure in end capillaries @ 10mm Hg

reabsorption overrides filtration

Question 13

what has the most extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body (to keep it dry)

Answer 13

lungs

Question 14

what is the thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

3 layers-
what type of alveolar cells
what type of cells of blood capillaries
what do they share ^

Answer 14

respiratory membrane

squamous alveolar
endothelial cells

basement membrane

Question 15

in regards to the pleurae:

what is the serous membrane

what adheres to the mediastinum

what is the potential space that contains an film of slippery neural fluid

Answer 15

visceral

parietal

pleural cavity

Question 16

pulmonary ventilation-

inspiration and expiration:

one complete inspiration and expiration:

breathing while at rest, effortless and automatic:

deep rapid breathing like when exercising:

Answer 16

repetitive cycle

respiratory cycle

quiet respiration

forced respiration

Question 17

during inspiration, what widen the thoracic cavity

Answer 17

external intercostals (ribs 2-12)

Question 18

during inspiration, what descends and increases depth of thoracic cavity

Answer 18

diaphragm

Question 19

during expiration, what narrow the thoracic cavity

Answer 19

internal intercostals (rivs 1-11)

Question 20

during forced expiration, what ascends and reduces depth of thoracic cavity

Answer 20

diaphragm

Question 21

what is the breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain abdominal organs

what raises abdominal pressure

what are the 3 steps to this

what are 4 processes that this aids in

Answer 21

valsalva maneuver

depression of diaphragm

deep breath, hold and close epiglottis, contract abdominal muscles

birth, peeing, pooping, vomitting

Question 22

do pacemaker cells aid in respiration

is the mechanism known

breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of ____- ___ from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed ___ in neck

Answer 22

no

no

skeletal muscles
high

Question 23

what are the 2 types levels in the brain that control breathing

Answer 23

cerebral and conscious
unconscious and automatic

Question 24

what is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

how many breaths per minute is this rhythm

Answer 24

ventral respiratory group

12 breaths per min

Question 25

what modifies the rate and depth of breathing

where does it receive influences form

Answer 25

dorsal respiratory group

external sources

Question 26

what modifies the rhythm of breathing and adapts to sleep, emotion, and exercise

Answer 26

pons respiratory group

Question 27

what are brainstem neurons that respond to changes of pH in cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 27

central chemoreceptor neurons

Question 28

what are nerve endings amid epithelial cells in the airway

Answer 28

irritant receptors

Question 29

what are in smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles and in pleura that respond to inflation of the lungs

Answer 29

stretch receptors

Question 30

what are chemoresprtors that respond to o2, co2 content of blood

Answer 30

peripheral (receptors?)

Question 31

what is an anxiety triggered state in which breathing is so rapid that it expels CO2 from the body faster than it is produces

what is raised that causes cerebral arteries to constrict

what does this reduce that may cause dizziness

Answer 31

hyperventilation

CO2 levels

cerebral perfusion

Question 32

does CO2 raise or lower blood pH

Answer 32

lowers

Question 33

where does voluntary control over breathing originate in (what cortex and lobe)

Answer 33

motor cortex

frontal lobe

Question 34

during voluntary breathing, impulses are sent down corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in the spinal cord, but what is bypassed

Answer 34

brainstem

Question 35

what is the limit/ breaking point of voluntary breathing control

Answer 35

when CO2 levels raise to a point where automatic controls override ones will