respiratory ventilation Flashcards
what is required in all body processes
does the production of this require
what is produced by this molecule
ATP
oxygen
CO2
what zone includes only passages that serve airflow
is there gas exchange
where does this zone start and end
conducting zone
no
nostrils through major bronchioles
what zone of the respiratory system consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions
respiratory zone
what is the windpipe
where is it to the esophagus
what is it supported by
what type of cells is it lined by
what cells within it secrete mucous
trachea
anterior
hyaline cartilage
pseudostratified columnar
golblet cells
what mechanism allows for mucous to make it up the trachea
mucocillary escalator
what are bronchi lined with
do they secrete mucous
what constricts or dilates the airway in bronchi
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
yes
smooth muscle
what are bronchioles lined with
what muscle do they contain
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
smooth
how many terminal bronchioles are there
do they have mucous
do they have cilia
65k
no
yes
where are alveoli
at the end of bronchioles
about the 2 types of alveoli cells:
which kind cover 95% of alveolar surface
what type secrete surfactant and cover other 5%
what cells are most numerous in cells in lungs
squamous type 1
great type 2
macrophage dust cells
why would fluid in lungs be fatal
gasses would diffuse too slowly to aerate blood
how is alveoli kept fry to prevent fluid accumulation (range too)
what overrides filtration in capillaries to achieve this as well
low pressure in end capillaries @ 10mm Hg
reabsorption overrides filtration
what has the most extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body (to keep it dry)
lungs
what is the thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
3 layers-
what type of alveolar cells
what type of cells of blood capillaries
what do they share ^
respiratory membrane
squamous alveolar
endothelial cells
basement membrane
in regards to the pleurae:
what is the serous membrane
what adheres to the mediastinum
what is the potential space that contains an film of slippery neural fluid
visceral
parietal
pleural cavity
pulmonary ventilation-
inspiration and expiration:
one complete inspiration and expiration:
breathing while at rest, effortless and automatic:
deep rapid breathing like when exercising:
repetitive cycle
respiratory cycle
quiet respiration
forced respiration
during inspiration, what widen the thoracic cavity
external intercostals (ribs 2-12)
during inspiration, what descends and increases depth of thoracic cavity
diaphragm
during expiration, what narrow the thoracic cavity
internal intercostals (rivs 1-11)
during forced expiration, what ascends and reduces depth of thoracic cavity
diaphragm
what is the breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain abdominal organs
what raises abdominal pressure
what are the 3 steps to this
what are 4 processes that this aids in
valsalva maneuver
depression of diaphragm
deep breath, hold and close epiglottis, contract abdominal muscles
birth, peeing, pooping, vomitting
do pacemaker cells aid in respiration
is the mechanism known
breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of ____- ___ from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed ___ in neck
no
no
skeletal muscles
high
what are the 2 types levels in the brain that control breathing
cerebral and conscious
unconscious and automatic
what is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm
how many breaths per minute is this rhythm
ventral respiratory group
12 breaths per min
what modifies the rate and depth of breathing
where does it receive influences form
dorsal respiratory group
external sources
what modifies the rhythm of breathing and adapts to sleep, emotion, and exercise
pons respiratory group
what are brainstem neurons that respond to changes of pH in cerebrospinal fluid
central chemoreceptor neurons
what are nerve endings amid epithelial cells in the airway
irritant receptors
what are in smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles and in pleura that respond to inflation of the lungs
stretch receptors
what are chemoresprtors that respond to o2, co2 content of blood
peripheral (receptors?)
what is an anxiety triggered state in which breathing is so rapid that it expels CO2 from the body faster than it is produces
what is raised that causes cerebral arteries to constrict
what does this reduce that may cause dizziness
hyperventilation
CO2 levels
cerebral perfusion
does CO2 raise or lower blood pH
lowers
where does voluntary control over breathing originate in (what cortex and lobe)
motor cortex
frontal lobe
during voluntary breathing, impulses are sent down corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in the spinal cord, but what is bypassed
brainstem
what is the limit/ breaking point of voluntary breathing control
when CO2 levels raise to a point where automatic controls override ones will
