adaptive immunity Flashcards
what 3 characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity
systemic affect
specificity
memory
what is systemic effect
throughout the entire body
what is immunity directed against a particular pathogen
specificity
what is it when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
memory
what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity
cellular and humoral
in regards to cellular immunity:
what directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells
it rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to what?
what does it do to cells that harbor them
lymphocytes
antibodies
kill them
in regards to humoral immunity:
what is it mediated by that do not directly destroy a pathogen, but tag it
what is the liquid that ^ are dissolved in called
what 2 things is this system effective against
antibodies
humors
extracellular viruses
disease agents
what is any molecule that triggers an immune response
what is special about these molecules in regards to their structure
how does the body know when they are present
what 4 things fall into this category of molecule: (poly-, glyco-, glyco-, pro-)
antigens
they are unique to the individual
the body can distinguish self from non self
polysaccarides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteins
what is too small to be antigenic in themselves
how do they trigger an immune response
what are some examples of these
what binds to host proteins in allergenic individuals
haptens
combining with a host macromolecule and creating a complex that the body can recognize as foreign
cosmetics, detergent, dander, chemicals
penicillin
what ar antigenic determinants that contain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulates an immune response
epitopes
what is a defensive gamma globulin found in fluids, secretions, and some leukocyte membranes
immunoglobulin
what is the basic structural unit of an antibody
what is it composed of (4)
what chain have a hinge region where the antibody is bent
what chains have variable regions
what are these chains linked by
antibody monomer
polypeptide chains
heavy
all
disulfide bonds
what region in an antibody has the same amino acid sequence within one person and determines mechanism of antibody action
constant region
what is formed from the V regions of the heavy and light chain on each arm and attaches to the epitope of an antigen molecule
antigen binding site
(A, D, E, G, M) Found as a monomer in blood plasma and mainly as a dimer in mucus, tears, milk, saliva, and intestinal secretions. Sometimes also forms trimers and tetramers. Prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues. Provides passive immunity to the newborn.
what structures does this have
class IgA
monomer and dimer
(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of B cells; functions in activation of B cells by antigens.
IGD
(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of basophils and mast cells. Stimulates them to release histamine and other mediators of inflammation and allergy; important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and in attracting eosinophils to sites of parasitic infection.
IGE
(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in blood plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the secondary immune response. Crosses placenta and confers temporary immunity on the fetus. Includes the anti-D antibodies of the Rh blood group.
IgG
(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 10% of circulating antibodies in plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the primary immune response; very strong agglutinating and complement-fixation abilities; includes the anti-A and anti-B agglutinins of the ABO blood group.
structure
IgM
monomer, pentameter
how many antibodies is the human body capable of
how many genes are in the human genome
name the 2 things that help make up for this:
DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
B cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences
1 trillion
20k
somatic recombination
somatic hypermutation
what are the 2 major cells of the lymphatic immune system
lymphocytes
antigen presenting cells
in regards to antigen presenting cells:
what are mobile and derive from monocytes
what are mobile and rec.mediated endocytosis
what are stationary
where are these especially concentrated
macrophages
dendritic cells
reticular
strategic places like lymphatic organs, skin, mucous membranes
what are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes
NKs
T cells
B cells
where do B cells come from
where do they go
red bone marrow
other lymphatic tissues and organs
where do plasma cells come from
where do they end up (3)
lymph nodes
red bone marrow
tonsils
spleen
what type of immunity are B cells and plasma cells associated with
humoral
where do stem T cells come from
where do they go
where do stem T cells mature to be immunocompetent
where do immunocompetent T cells go
red bone marrow
thymus
thymus
other lymphatic tissues and organs
what is required for T cells to recognize antigens
antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells function as what
antigen presenting cells
what does the function of antigen presenting cells depend on
histocompatibility complex proteins
what acts as cell identification tags that label every cell that belongs to the body
they are structurally unique for every individual except for who
histocompatibility complex proteins
identical twins
the 4 steps of antigen processing:
- what encounters the antigen
- how is the antigen then internalized
- what is it digested into
- what is displayed in the grooves of the histocompatibility complex protein
APC
endocytosis
molecular fragments
epitopes
what is:
APC
MHC protein
antigen presenting cell
histocompatibility protein
what are the effectors of cellular immunity that carry out attack on enemy cells
what help promote killer T cell and B cell action and innate immunity
killer T cells
helper T cells
what inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells to limit immune response
regulatory T cells (t-regs)
what descend from killer T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity
memory T cells
what is another term for killer T cells
cytotoxic T cells
T8, CD8, and CD8+ cells refer to:
T4, CD4, CD4+ cells refer to:
killer T cells
regulatory T cells and helper T cells
what are the 3 stages of both cellular and humoral immunity
what are the 3 Rs of immunity
recognition
attack
memory
recognize
react
remember
yuh
yuh
what proteins are produced by all nucleated cells and are transported to the plasma membrane
what happens if they are normal self antigens
what happens if they are viral proteins or abnormal cancer antigens
what happens to the malignant cells
MHC1
nothing
a T cell response
they are killed as to not infect further
what proteins are human leukocyte antigens and only occur on APCs and display only foreign antigens
MHC2
what T cell is associated with MHC1
what T cells is associated with MHC2
killer
helper
in regards to T cell activation:
- what is antigen recognition
- what is costimulation
- what is clonal selection
- what’s attack
T cell binds to APC with epitope
T cell binds to second protein on APC
T cell replicates and makes a ton of effector and memory T cells
killer T cells attack and helper T cells call ininterleukins
what is the last step of T cell activation
interleukin secretion
in regards to the role of a helper T cell:
note: helper T cell binds to APC and things are released
what is the nonspecific defense and what what is secreted
what is humoral immunity and what is secreted
what is cellular immunity and what is secreted
macrophage activity
macrophage activating factor for other cytokines
clonal selection of B cells
interleukin and other cytokines
colonel selection of killer T cells
interleukin and other cytokines
what attacks a dying cancer cell
T cells
is humoral immunity more or less direct than cellular immunity
less
what 2 things produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means
B lymphocytes and humoral immunity
in regards to recognition in humoral immunity:
what cell has thousands of surface receptors for one antigen
activation begins when an antigen binds to several of these receptors, links them together, and is taken into the cell by receptor mediated _____
why are small molecules not antigenic
immunocompetent B cells
endocytosis
they are too small for several receptors
what processes/ digests the antigen in recognition in humor immunity
what are some of the epitopes linked to it by
what does it do after this endocytosis
B cells
MHC2
they are displayed on the surface of the cell
attack and memory in humoral immunity:
attack- antibodies bind to antigen, and either render it ____ or ___ it for destruction
memory- some __ cells differentiate into memory cells
harmless
tag it
B cells
sequence for humoral immune response:
- antigen recognition
- antigen presentation
- clonal selection (what stimulates this)
- differentiation
- attack
immunocompetent B cells are exposed to antigens but ONLY with complementary receptors
B cell internalizes antigen and displays epitope. Helper T cell then binds to it and secretes interleukin
interleukin stimulates B cells to divide and forms a bunch of clones
some clones turn into memory B cells but most become plasma cells
plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies to render antigen harmless
do plasma cells have many mitochondria
do plasma cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum
what cells do not have the aforementioned things
yes
yes
B cells
for the primary response, RELATIVE TO EACHOTHER, how much IgM and IgG is there
what about after a secondary response
about the same amount
much more IgG
