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anatomy exam 2 > adaptive immunity > Flashcards

adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity

A

systemic affect
specificity
memory

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2
Q

what is systemic effect

A

throughout the entire body

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3
Q

what is immunity directed against a particular pathogen

A

specificity

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4
Q

what is it when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness

A

memory

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity

A

cellular and humoral

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6
Q

in regards to cellular immunity:

what directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

it rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to what?

what does it do to cells that harbor them

A

lymphocytes

antibodies

kill them

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7
Q

in regards to humoral immunity:

what is it mediated by that do not directly destroy a pathogen, but tag it

what is the liquid that ^ are dissolved in called

what 2 things is this system effective against

A

antibodies

humors

extracellular viruses
disease agents

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8
Q

what is any molecule that triggers an immune response

what is special about these molecules in regards to their structure

how does the body know when they are present

what 4 things fall into this category of molecule: (poly-, glyco-, glyco-, pro-)

A

antigens

they are unique to the individual

the body can distinguish self from non self

polysaccarides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteins

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9
Q

what is too small to be antigenic in themselves

how do they trigger an immune response

what are some examples of these

what binds to host proteins in allergenic individuals

A

haptens

combining with a host macromolecule and creating a complex that the body can recognize as foreign

cosmetics, detergent, dander, chemicals

penicillin

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10
Q

what ar antigenic determinants that contain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulates an immune response

A

epitopes

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11
Q

what is a defensive gamma globulin found in fluids, secretions, and some leukocyte membranes

A

immunoglobulin

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12
Q

what is the basic structural unit of an antibody

what is it composed of (4)

what chain have a hinge region where the antibody is bent

what chains have variable regions

what are these chains linked by

A

antibody monomer

polypeptide chains

heavy

all

disulfide bonds

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13
Q

what region in an antibody has the same amino acid sequence within one person and determines mechanism of antibody action

A

constant region

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14
Q

what is formed from the V regions of the heavy and light chain on each arm and attaches to the epitope of an antigen molecule

A

antigen binding site

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15
Q

(A, D, E, G, M) Found as a monomer in blood plasma and mainly as a dimer in mucus, tears, milk, saliva, and intestinal secretions. Sometimes also forms trimers and tetramers. Prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues. Provides passive immunity to the newborn.

what structures does this have

A

class IgA

monomer and dimer

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16
Q

(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of B cells; functions in activation of B cells by antigens.

A

IGD

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17
Q

(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of basophils and mast cells. Stimulates them to release histamine and other mediators of inflammation and allergy; important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and in attracting eosinophils to sites of parasitic infection.

A

IGE

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18
Q

(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in blood plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the secondary immune response. Crosses placenta and confers temporary immunity on the fetus. Includes the anti-D antibodies of the Rh blood group.

A

IgG

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19
Q

(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 10% of circulating antibodies in plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the primary immune response; very strong agglutinating and complement-fixation abilities; includes the anti-A and anti-B agglutinins of the ABO blood group.

structure

A

IgM

monomer, pentameter

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20
Q

how many antibodies is the human body capable of

how many genes are in the human genome

name the 2 things that help make up for this:

DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes

B cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences

A

1 trillion

20k

somatic recombination

somatic hypermutation

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21
Q

what are the 2 major cells of the lymphatic immune system

A

lymphocytes

antigen presenting cells

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22
Q

in regards to antigen presenting cells:

what are mobile and derive from monocytes

what are mobile and rec.mediated endocytosis

what are stationary

where are these especially concentrated

A

macrophages

dendritic cells

reticular

strategic places like lymphatic organs, skin, mucous membranes

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23
Q

what are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes

A

NKs
T cells
B cells

24
Q

where do B cells come from
where do they go

A

red bone marrow
other lymphatic tissues and organs

25
Q

where do plasma cells come from
where do they end up (3)

A

lymph nodes

red bone marrow
tonsils
spleen

26
Q

what type of immunity are B cells and plasma cells associated with

A

humoral

27
Q

where do stem T cells come from
where do they go

where do stem T cells mature to be immunocompetent

where do immunocompetent T cells go

A

red bone marrow
thymus

thymus

other lymphatic tissues and organs

28
Q

what is required for T cells to recognize antigens

A

antigen presenting cells

29
Q

dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells function as what

A

antigen presenting cells

30
Q

what does the function of antigen presenting cells depend on

A

histocompatibility complex proteins

31
Q

what acts as cell identification tags that label every cell that belongs to the body

they are structurally unique for every individual except for who

A

histocompatibility complex proteins

identical twins

32
Q

the 4 steps of antigen processing:

  1. what encounters the antigen
  2. how is the antigen then internalized
  3. what is it digested into
  4. what is displayed in the grooves of the histocompatibility complex protein
A

APC

endocytosis

molecular fragments

epitopes

33
Q

what is:

APC

MHC protein

A

antigen presenting cell

histocompatibility protein

34
Q

what are the effectors of cellular immunity that carry out attack on enemy cells

what help promote killer T cell and B cell action and innate immunity

A

killer T cells

helper T cells

35
Q

what inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells to limit immune response

A

regulatory T cells (t-regs)

36
Q

what descend from killer T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity

A

memory T cells

37
Q

what is another term for killer T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

T8, CD8, and CD8+ cells refer to:

T4, CD4, CD4+ cells refer to:

A

killer T cells

regulatory T cells and helper T cells

39
Q

what are the 3 stages of both cellular and humoral immunity

what are the 3 Rs of immunity

A

recognition
attack
memory

recognize
react
remember

40
Q

yuh

A

yuh

41
Q

what proteins are produced by all nucleated cells and are transported to the plasma membrane

what happens if they are normal self antigens

what happens if they are viral proteins or abnormal cancer antigens

what happens to the malignant cells

A

MHC1

nothing

a T cell response

they are killed as to not infect further

42
Q

what proteins are human leukocyte antigens and only occur on APCs and display only foreign antigens

A

MHC2

43
Q

what T cell is associated with MHC1

what T cells is associated with MHC2

A

killer

helper

44
Q

in regards to T cell activation:

  1. what is antigen recognition
  2. what is costimulation
  3. what is clonal selection
  4. what’s attack
A

T cell binds to APC with epitope

T cell binds to second protein on APC

T cell replicates and makes a ton of effector and memory T cells

killer T cells attack and helper T cells call ininterleukins

45
Q

what is the last step of T cell activation

A

interleukin secretion

46
Q

in regards to the role of a helper T cell:

note: helper T cell binds to APC and things are released

what is the nonspecific defense and what what is secreted

what is humoral immunity and what is secreted

what is cellular immunity and what is secreted

A

macrophage activity
macrophage activating factor for other cytokines

clonal selection of B cells
interleukin and other cytokines

colonel selection of killer T cells
interleukin and other cytokines

47
Q

what attacks a dying cancer cell

A

T cells

48
Q

is humoral immunity more or less direct than cellular immunity

A

less

49
Q

what 2 things produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means

A

B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

50
Q

in regards to recognition in humoral immunity:

what cell has thousands of surface receptors for one antigen

activation begins when an antigen binds to several of these receptors, links them together, and is taken into the cell by receptor mediated _____

why are small molecules not antigenic

A

immunocompetent B cells

endocytosis

they are too small for several receptors

51
Q

what processes/ digests the antigen in recognition in humor immunity

what are some of the epitopes linked to it by

what does it do after this endocytosis

A

B cells
MHC2

they are displayed on the surface of the cell

52
Q

attack and memory in humoral immunity:

attack- antibodies bind to antigen, and either render it ____ or ___ it for destruction

memory- some __ cells differentiate into memory cells

A

harmless
tag it

B cells

53
Q

sequence for humoral immune response:

  1. antigen recognition
  2. antigen presentation
  3. clonal selection (what stimulates this)
  4. differentiation
  5. attack
A

immunocompetent B cells are exposed to antigens but ONLY with complementary receptors

B cell internalizes antigen and displays epitope. Helper T cell then binds to it and secretes interleukin

interleukin stimulates B cells to divide and forms a bunch of clones

some clones turn into memory B cells but most become plasma cells

plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies to render antigen harmless

54
Q

do plasma cells have many mitochondria

do plasma cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum

what cells do not have the aforementioned things

A

yes
yes

B cells

55
Q

for the primary response, RELATIVE TO EACHOTHER, how much IgM and IgG is there

what about after a secondary response

A

about the same amount

much more IgG

56
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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