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anatomy exam 2 > respiratory pressure and exchange > Flashcards

respiratory pressure and exchange Flashcards

1
Q

is respiratory airflow governed by the same principles of flow, pressure, and resistance as blood flow

A

yes

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2
Q

how is the flow of fluid proportional to the pressure difference between two points

A

directly

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3
Q

how is the flow of fluid proportional to the resistance

A

inversely

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4
Q

atmospheric pressure drives respiration, what is AP?

A

the weight of the air above us

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5
Q

how many mm Hg is 1 atm

how does this change at higher elevations

A

760

its lower

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6
Q

what law is this

the pressure of a gas increases as its volume increases, assuming a constant mass and pressure

pressure is proportional to ___/___

P1V1 = ___ ____

A

volume

1/V

P2V2

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7
Q

how is the pressure that exists between the two pleural layers

A

slightly negative

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8
Q

why is intrapleural pressure slightly negative

what recoils outward
what recoils inward

A

recoil causes lungs and chest wall to pull in opposite directions

chest wall
alveoli

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9
Q

what is the transmural pressure euqation

neg or pos

A

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure (both negative so it becomes positive)

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10
Q

does pleural pressure become more or less negative during inspiration

what causes this

does the transpulmonary pressure increase

A

more negative

recoil is higher bc things are being stretched

increases trans pulmonary pressure

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11
Q

what is the formula for transmural pressure

A

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

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12
Q

is intrapleural pressure + or -

A

-

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13
Q

what is the law that the volume of a has is directly proportional to its absolute temp

A

Charles law

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14
Q

when it is cold out, what is the temp that air must reach before it gets to the alveoli

how does this happen

what law is this

A

98.6

inhaled volume will expand

Charles law

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15
Q

during quiet breathing, how do the dimensions of the thoracic cage change

^ is enough to increase its total volume by ____ mL, which flows into the respiratory tract

A

a few mm either direction

500

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16
Q

when the lungs inflate, the volume of individual ____ inflate too

A

alveoli

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17
Q

during inspiration, what happens to the ribs

A

they swing open like a bucket handle

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18
Q

at rest, atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are equal and there is ____ airflow

A

no

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19
Q

what are the 3 directions that the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration

how much does intrapulmonary pressure drop below atmospheric pressure

how much does intrapleural pressure drop

A

laterally
vertically
anteriorly

1cm H2O

8cm H2O

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20
Q

high pressure wants to flow to low pressure

what does this mean for inspiration

what does this mean for expiration

A

pressure must drop before air can reach the lungs

pressure must raise so air can leave the lungs

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21
Q

how much does intrapulmonary pressure raise during expiration

how much does intrapleural pressure drop (or maybe __)

A

1 cm H2O

5 cm H2O (or maybe 3)

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22
Q

what is the last step after expiration and before inspiration

A

pause

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23
Q

how is passive/ relaxed breathing achieved

A

elastic recoil of thoracic cage

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24
Q

in regards to relaxes breathing !

what does the elastic recoil of the thoracic cage do to the lungs

what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity

what happens to intrapulmonary pressure

A

compresses them

decreases

raises it by about 1 cm H2O

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25
Q

what is required for forced breathing

how much is the intrapulmonary pressure raised

A

accessory muscles

40 cm H2O +

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26
Q

how is airflow proportional to resistance

increased resistance, ___ airflow

A

inversely

decreased

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27
Q

what 2 factors influence airway resistance

A

bronchiole diameter

pulmonary compliance

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28
Q

epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation do what to the bronchioles

A

dilate them

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29
Q

histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritants do what to the bronchioles

A

constrict them

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30
Q

what does anaphylactic shock and asthma do to the bronchioles

A

constrict

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31
Q

what is the ease with which the lungs can expand

change in lung volume is relative to a given ____ change

A

pulmonary compliance

pressure

32
Q

what happens to compliance in degenerative lung diseases

what happens to resistance

A

reduced

increased

33
Q

what happens to compliance in relation to the surface tension of the water film inside alveoli

what is secreted by great cells of alveoli that disrupts hydrogen bonds between H2O and reduces surface tension

what does ^ do to compliance AND resistance

how is infant respiratory distress syndrome associated with this

A

limited by it

surfactant

increases compliance, reduces resistance

they need to be treated with artificial surfactant till they can produce their own

34
Q

what is the only air available for gas exchange

A

that deals with alveoli

35
Q

how many mL is the anatomical dead space in the lungs

does gas exchange occur here

what can increase this dead space (but ends up being beneficial)

A

150mL

no

bronchodilation

36
Q

what is physiologic dead space made of

A

anatomical dead space + pathological alveolar dead space

37
Q

if a person inhales 500 mL air, and 150 mL stays in anatomical dead space, how much reaches alveoli

what is the alveolar ventilation rate formula

what is this measurement crucial for

A

350 mL

air in alveoli x respiratory rate

boys ability to get O2 to tissues and CO2 from tissues

38
Q

what is the pulmonary function test called

A

spirometry

39
Q

what is the maximum voluntary expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

40
Q

what is the air that we cannot voluntarily expiate

A

residual volume

41
Q

what is the maximum that our lungs can inhale

A

inspiratory reserve volume

42
Q

what is the vital capacity

A

expiratory reserve + tidal + inspiratory reserve

43
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve + residual volume

44
Q

what is inspiratory capacity

A

tidal + inspiratory reserve

45
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the whole damn chart

46
Q

what is the % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval

what is the normal range for 1 second

A

forced expiratory volume

75-85%

47
Q

what is the max speed of expiration where you blow into a hand held meter

A

peak flow

48
Q

what is the amount of air inhaled per minute

what is the formula for this (intuitive)

A

minute respiratory volume

tidal x respiratory rate

49
Q

what its he minute respiratory volume during heavy exercise called

what is the range

A

maximum voluntary venitaltion

125-170 L/min

50
Q

what aids in the diagnosis and assessment of restrictive and obstructive disorders

A

spirometry

51
Q

what is it when airway diameter decreased due to inflammation and smooth muscle contractions or bronchiolar secretion

what is difficult in these disorders

what is greatly reduced

A

obstructive disorders

move air in and our rapidly

forced expiratory rate

52
Q

bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma are what kind of disorders

A

obstructive

53
Q

what is it when the normal ability to move air rapidly in an out of the lungs, but decreases in gas exchange

why is it characterized by

what is usually reduced

A

restrictive disorders

reduction in pulmonary compliance

total lung capacity

54
Q

what kind of disorders are edema and pneumonia

A

restrictive

55
Q

air composition %:

N
O
CO2
water vapor

A

79
21
.04
0-4%

56
Q

what law is the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses

what is the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

A

daltons law

partial pressure

57
Q

what are the 3 influences of the composition being different between the atmospheric and alveolar air

A

air is humidified in the body

alveolar air mixes with residual air

alveolar air does gas exchange

58
Q

in regards to the composition of air being different in atmosphere and alveoli:

how much more humid is alveolar air than regular air

what is oxygen diluted with in alveoli

PO2 of alveolar air is ___ that of inspired air
PCO2 is more than ___ higher

A

10x

CO2

65%
130

59
Q

what is air in the alveolus in contact with during gas exchange

what does this do to the oxygen so that it can pass through the membrane

what must happen for CO2 to leave the blood (what does it go out of and what does it come into and how)

A

water covering alveolar epithelium

it must dissolve in the water

it must ass the other way and diffuse out of the water and into the alveolar air

60
Q

gasses diffuse down their gradients until the partial pressure of each gas in the air is = to its partial pressure in ____

A

water

61
Q

what law is that at the air/water interface for a given temp, the amount of has that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

the greater the PO2 in the alveolar air, the ___ O2 the blood picks up

how does this relate to the fact that CO2 is released into the alveoli

A

henrys law

greater

blood has a higher PCO2 than air

62
Q

what cells are involved in gas exchange

what does their ^ efficiency rely on

A

erythrocytes

how long they stay in alveolar capillaries

63
Q

each gas in a mixture behaves ____

does one gas influence the diffusion of another

A

independently

no

64
Q

normally:
PO2 in
alveolar air-
blood-

PCO2 in
alveolar air-
blood-

A

104
40

46
40

65
Q

what happens to the partial pressure of all gasses in high altitudes

why does this have to do with oxygen diffusing into blood less in high altitudes

what is the treatment for this called and what does it essentially do

A

lower

less of a gradient

hyperbaric oxygen therapy
makes a steeper gradient by increasing pressure

66
Q

different values in blood capillaries vs systemic tissues:

PO2:
arriving in blood
in tissue

PCO2
arriving in blood
in tissue

A

95
40

46
40

67
Q

gas exchange is due to the difference in the partial pressures in ____ vs ____ tissue

A

lung

capillary

68
Q

CO2 is 20x ____ soluble as O2

this means that equal amounts of O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane because CO2 is ____ soluble and diffuses ____

A

more

more
rapidly

69
Q

is the alveolar membrane surface area large in proportion to how much blood they contain

100mL of blood over __m2 of capillaries

A

yes

70

70
Q

when the alveolar membrane is thicker, gasses have to travel farther and blood and air cannot ____ fast enough to keep up with blood flow

what 2 things can cause this thickening

A

equilibrate

pulmonary edema in left ventricle

pneumonia

71
Q

perfusion coupling:

when PCO2 rises, what happens to bronchioles

A

dilation

72
Q

elevated PO2 does what to blood vessels

A

vasodilation

73
Q

what coupling is this:

blood flow (vascular changes) matches air flow

A

perfusion adjusted to changes in ventilation

74
Q

what coupling is this:

result: airflow matches blood flow

A

ventilation adjusted to changes in perfusion

75
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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