innate immunity Flashcards
what is the first line of defense
skin and mucosal membranes
what are the two second lines of defense
cellular processes
molecular defenses
what is a biologic agent capable of producing disease
what 3 things does it include
pathogen
viruses, bacteria, fungi
what defense mechanisms are leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever are
innate defense mechanisms
what type of immunity defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a memory of it so it can defeat it faster in the future
adaptive immunity
what two things make up innate immunity
what makes up adaptive immunity
skin and mucous membranes
innate defense mechanisms like leukocytes and macrophages
memory of pathogens in body
what type of immunity guards equally against a broad range of pathogens
what are the 3 characteristics of this immunity
innate
local
non specific
lacks memory
what are the 3 type of innate defenses
cells
protein
processes
what type of immunity is it when the body must develop a separate immunity to each pathogen
adaptive
what in the skin makes it tough
why is it bad for microbial growth
what two things make up the acid mantle that forms from sweat and sebum to ward off bacterial growth
what 3 peptides in the skin kill microbes (der____, def____, cat_____)(the skin defends the church)
keratin
too dry and nutrient poor
lactic and fatty acids
dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidins
what 4 tracts are protected by mucous membranes
what roll does the mucous play
what within these is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls
digesive
respiratory
urinary
reproductive
physically traps microbes
lysozymes
what is a viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid within a mucous membrane
what is the enzyme used by PATHOGENS to make hyaluronic acid less viscous
what is the noun that is responsible for early life from sea to transition to land
what is the adjective form of this word
subthelial areolar tissue
hyaluronidase
mucus
mucous
what cells secrete mucus
what does sebum do
goblet cells
secrete acids
what type of cells can kill using phagocytosis and digestion and why is this less efficient than the way named below to kill
what is the name for when these cells degranulate and produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals to produce a killing zone
what 3 molecules are used for this cloud
neutrophils
only can kill 2 or 3 at a time
respiratory burst
peroxide, hydroclourous acid, oxygen
what cells are found especially in mucous membranes
what 2 things do they especially protect against
what two things do these cells kill tapeworms and roundworms with
eosinophils
allergens and parasites
oxides and toxic proteins
what cells promote action of basophils and mast cells
what do they phagocytize
what 2 things do they limit
eosinophils
antigen-antibody complexes
histamine and other inflammatory chemicals
what cells secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes
basophils
name these substances that basophils secrete-
activate and attracts neutrophils and eosinophils:
a vasodilator that increases blood flow and speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area:
inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility:
leukotrienes
histamine
heparin
what secrete the 3 things that basophils secrete but are a type of connective tissue similar to basophils
mast cells
what percentage of circulating blood contains the following:
T cells
B cells
NK cells
what is part of only innate
what is part of adaptive
what helps function in both
80%
15%
5%
NK
T,B
helper T
what emigrate from blood into connective tissue and transform into macrophages
monocytes
what is the system in the body that have all of the body’s avidly phagocytic cells except for leukocytes
what do wandering macrophages do
where are they ^ widely distributed in
what do fixed macrophages do
related to^, what are they called in:
the CNS:
lungs:
liver:
macrophage system
actively seek pathogens
connective tissue
phagocytize pathogens that come into them
microglia
alveolar
stellate
what are proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
is this long or short term
what are the two families of these things
antimicrobial proteins
short
interferons
complement
what is the 3rd line of defense
adaptive immunity
what are secreted by certain cells infected by viruses (realting to a antimicrobial protein pathway)
are they of benefit to the cell that secretes them
what do they do instead ^
what do ^ do
what 2 things are also activated to destroy infected cells before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses
what do ^ destroy
interferons
no
alert and bind to neighboring cells of pathogens
synthesize defensive proteins
natural killers and macrophages
malignant cells
what is a group of 30 or more global proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity
what are they synthesized mainly by
what are they when in blood circulation
what are they activated by
complement system
liver
inactive
presence of pathogens
what type of immunity are the following COMPLEMENT activation pathways:
classical:
alternative:
lectin:
what are the 4 methods of pathogen destruction related to this system (____ ___, Pha____, cyt_____, in_____)
adaptive
innate
innate
immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis
inflammation
what does the alternative pathway rely on
tagging in order to attack pathogens
what does the lectin pathway rely on
lectin binds to carbs on pathogens
what is always activated in the complement activation
what type of reaction are these a part of
C3A and C3B
cascade
what does the classical pathway rely on to form the reaction cascade
antigens binding to antibodies on the pathogen and binding sites are revealed
what does the alternative pathway rely on
C3(a or b)
tagging pathogen with C3B
makes sense bc C3A is inflammation and you cant “tag inflammation”
what does C3A deal with (4 methods of destroying pathogens)
inflammation
what does C3B deal with (4 ways to destroy pathogens) (3)
immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis
in regards to the course of a fever:
1) infection and ____ secretion
2) _____ thermostat is reset to a higher set point
3) ____ (body temp rises)
4) ______ body temp oscillates around new set point
5) infection ends and set point returns to normal
6) _____ body temp returns to normal
pyrogen
hypothalamic
onset
stadium
defervescence
what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness
swelling
heat
pain
ther
what are small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity as well as many other processes that cells must adhere to when secreted
what are they secreted by
cytokines
leukocytes
what are
interferons
interleukins
tumor necrosis factor
and chemotactic factors
considered
cytokines
what results from hyperemia
heat
what is due to hyperemia and extravasted RBCs in the tissue
redness
what is due to increased fluid filtration from the capillaries
swelling (edema)
pain results from :
direct injury to nerves
pressure on nerves from _____
stimulation of pain receptors by _____
____toxins
Brady____
edema
prostaglandins
bacterial
bradykinin
in regards to neutrophil behavior in inflammation:
1) what is secreted first
2) what happens as a result of increased permeability
3) how do the chemicals get out of the blood stream
4) how to the chemicals move to where they need to go
5) what is the overall action taking place to the bacteria
inflammatory chemicals
margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis
phagocytosis
what is inflammation trying to prevent
what filters into tissue fluid clots by forming a sticky mesh that walls off microbes
what prevents clotting at the site of injury
where are pathogens when clotting does occur
what 2 things attack the pathogens at that point
spreading of pathogens into the body
fibrinogen
heparin
fluid filled pocket surrounding clot
antibodies and phagocytes
how long does it take for neutrophils to accumulate and kill bacteria
what are 2 ways they get around
what are 2 ways they kill
what do they secrete for recruitment of macrophages and other neutrophils
60 seconds
diapedesis and chemotaxis
phagocytosis and respiratory burst
cytokines
what 2 things that secrete colony stimulating factor to stimulate leukopoesis
macrophages
T cells
what condition would the following occur in:
neutrophilia
eosinophilia (2)
bacterial infection
allergy or parasitic infection
what ar the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair
how long do they arrive in to become macrophages
what 3 things do they engulf
monocytes
8-12 hours
bacteria
damaged host cells
dead neutrophils
what contributes to tissue cleanup by compressing veins and reducing venous drainage
what valves does it force open for drainage
what collect and remove things from the blood better than blood capillaries
edema
lymphatic
lymphatic
pus is a collection of bacteria, debris, and tissue fluid
what granulocyte is also in the mix
neutrophils
what is secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an injured area that helps with tissue cleanup and repair
what does it stimulate to multiply
what does it synthesize
platelet derived growth factor
fibroblasts
collagen
what delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis
hyperemia
what increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis and tissue repair
increased heat
what forms a scaffold for tissue reconstruction
fibrin clot
what makes us limit the use of a body part so it has a chance to rest and heal
pain
