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anatomy exam 2 > innate immunity > Flashcards

innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

skin and mucosal membranes

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2
Q

what are the two second lines of defense

A

cellular processes

molecular defenses

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3
Q

what is a biologic agent capable of producing disease

what 3 things does it include

A

pathogen

viruses, bacteria, fungi

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4
Q

what defense mechanisms are leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever are

A

innate defense mechanisms

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5
Q

what type of immunity defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a memory of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

A

adaptive immunity

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6
Q

what two things make up innate immunity

what makes up adaptive immunity

A

skin and mucous membranes
innate defense mechanisms like leukocytes and macrophages

memory of pathogens in body

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7
Q

what type of immunity guards equally against a broad range of pathogens

what are the 3 characteristics of this immunity

A

innate

local
non specific
lacks memory

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8
Q

what are the 3 type of innate defenses

A

cells
protein
processes

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9
Q

what type of immunity is it when the body must develop a separate immunity to each pathogen

A

adaptive

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10
Q

what in the skin makes it tough

why is it bad for microbial growth

what two things make up the acid mantle that forms from sweat and sebum to ward off bacterial growth

what 3 peptides in the skin kill microbes (der____, def____, cat_____)(the skin defends the church)

A

keratin

too dry and nutrient poor

lactic and fatty acids

dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidins

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11
Q

what 4 tracts are protected by mucous membranes

what roll does the mucous play

what within these is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls

A

digesive
respiratory
urinary
reproductive

physically traps microbes

lysozymes

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12
Q

what is a viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid within a mucous membrane

what is the enzyme used by PATHOGENS to make hyaluronic acid less viscous

what is the noun that is responsible for early life from sea to transition to land

what is the adjective form of this word

A

subthelial areolar tissue

hyaluronidase

mucus

mucous

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13
Q

what cells secrete mucus

what does sebum do

A

goblet cells

secrete acids

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14
Q

what type of cells can kill using phagocytosis and digestion and why is this less efficient than the way named below to kill

what is the name for when these cells degranulate and produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals to produce a killing zone

what 3 molecules are used for this cloud

A

neutrophils
only can kill 2 or 3 at a time

respiratory burst

peroxide, hydroclourous acid, oxygen

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15
Q

what cells are found especially in mucous membranes

what 2 things do they especially protect against

what two things do these cells kill tapeworms and roundworms with

A

eosinophils

allergens and parasites

oxides and toxic proteins

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16
Q

what cells promote action of basophils and mast cells

what do they phagocytize

what 2 things do they limit

A

eosinophils

antigen-antibody complexes

histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

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17
Q

what cells secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes

A

basophils

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18
Q

name these substances that basophils secrete-

activate and attracts neutrophils and eosinophils:

a vasodilator that increases blood flow and speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area:

inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility:

A

leukotrienes

histamine

heparin

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19
Q

what secrete the 3 things that basophils secrete but are a type of connective tissue similar to basophils

A

mast cells

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20
Q

what percentage of circulating blood contains the following:

T cells
B cells
NK cells

what is part of only innate
what is part of adaptive
what helps function in both

A

80%
15%
5%

NK
T,B
helper T

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21
Q

what emigrate from blood into connective tissue and transform into macrophages

A

monocytes

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22
Q

what is the system in the body that have all of the body’s avidly phagocytic cells except for leukocytes

what do wandering macrophages do

where are they ^ widely distributed in

what do fixed macrophages do

related to^, what are they called in:
the CNS:
lungs:
liver:

A

macrophage system

actively seek pathogens

connective tissue

phagocytize pathogens that come into them

microglia
alveolar
stellate

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23
Q

what are proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

is this long or short term

what are the two families of these things

A

antimicrobial proteins

short

interferons
complement

24
Q

what is the 3rd line of defense

A

adaptive immunity

25
Q

what are secreted by certain cells infected by viruses (realting to a antimicrobial protein pathway)

are they of benefit to the cell that secretes them

what do they do instead ^

what do ^ do

what 2 things are also activated to destroy infected cells before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses

what do ^ destroy

A

interferons

no

alert and bind to neighboring cells of pathogens

synthesize defensive proteins

natural killers and macrophages

malignant cells

26
Q

what is a group of 30 or more global proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity

what are they synthesized mainly by

what are they when in blood circulation

what are they activated by

A

complement system

liver

inactive

presence of pathogens

27
Q

what type of immunity are the following COMPLEMENT activation pathways:

classical:
alternative:
lectin:

what are the 4 methods of pathogen destruction related to this system (____ ___, Pha____, cyt_____, in_____)

A

adaptive
innate
innate

immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis
inflammation

28
Q

what does the alternative pathway rely on

A

tagging in order to attack pathogens

29
Q

what does the lectin pathway rely on

A

lectin binds to carbs on pathogens

30
Q

what is always activated in the complement activation

what type of reaction are these a part of

A

C3A and C3B

cascade

31
Q

what does the classical pathway rely on to form the reaction cascade

A

antigens binding to antibodies on the pathogen and binding sites are revealed

32
Q

what does the alternative pathway rely on

C3(a or b)

A

tagging pathogen with C3B

makes sense bc C3A is inflammation and you cant “tag inflammation”

33
Q

what does C3A deal with (4 methods of destroying pathogens)

A

inflammation

34
Q

what does C3B deal with (4 ways to destroy pathogens) (3)

A

immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis

35
Q

in regards to the course of a fever:

1) infection and ____ secretion
2) _____ thermostat is reset to a higher set point
3) ____ (body temp rises)
4) ______ body temp oscillates around new set point
5) infection ends and set point returns to normal
6) _____ body temp returns to normal

A

pyrogen
hypothalamic
onset
stadium
defervescence

36
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness
swelling
heat
pain

37
Q

ther

A
38
Q

what are small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity as well as many other processes that cells must adhere to when secreted

what are they secreted by

A

cytokines

leukocytes

39
Q

what are

interferons
interleukins
tumor necrosis factor
and chemotactic factors

considered

A

cytokines

40
Q

what results from hyperemia

A

heat

41
Q

what is due to hyperemia and extravasted RBCs in the tissue

A

redness

42
Q

what is due to increased fluid filtration from the capillaries

A

swelling (edema)

43
Q

pain results from :

direct injury to nerves

pressure on nerves from _____

stimulation of pain receptors by _____

____toxins

Brady____

A

edema

prostaglandins

bacterial

bradykinin

44
Q

in regards to neutrophil behavior in inflammation:

1) what is secreted first

2) what happens as a result of increased permeability

3) how do the chemicals get out of the blood stream

4) how to the chemicals move to where they need to go

5) what is the overall action taking place to the bacteria

A

inflammatory chemicals

margination

diapedesis

chemotaxis

phagocytosis

45
Q

what is inflammation trying to prevent

what filters into tissue fluid clots by forming a sticky mesh that walls off microbes

what prevents clotting at the site of injury

where are pathogens when clotting does occur

what 2 things attack the pathogens at that point

A

spreading of pathogens into the body

fibrinogen

heparin

fluid filled pocket surrounding clot

antibodies and phagocytes

46
Q

how long does it take for neutrophils to accumulate and kill bacteria

what are 2 ways they get around

what are 2 ways they kill

what do they secrete for recruitment of macrophages and other neutrophils

A

60 seconds

diapedesis and chemotaxis

phagocytosis and respiratory burst

cytokines

47
Q

what 2 things that secrete colony stimulating factor to stimulate leukopoesis

A

macrophages
T cells

48
Q

what condition would the following occur in:

neutrophilia

eosinophilia (2)

A

bacterial infection

allergy or parasitic infection

49
Q

what ar the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair

how long do they arrive in to become macrophages

what 3 things do they engulf

A

monocytes

8-12 hours

bacteria
damaged host cells
dead neutrophils

50
Q

what contributes to tissue cleanup by compressing veins and reducing venous drainage

what valves does it force open for drainage

what collect and remove things from the blood better than blood capillaries

A

edema

lymphatic

lymphatic

51
Q

pus is a collection of bacteria, debris, and tissue fluid

what granulocyte is also in the mix

A

neutrophils

52
Q

what is secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an injured area that helps with tissue cleanup and repair

what does it stimulate to multiply

what does it synthesize

A

platelet derived growth factor

fibroblasts

collagen

53
Q

what delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis

A

hyperemia

54
Q

what increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis and tissue repair

A

increased heat

55
Q

what forms a scaffold for tissue reconstruction

A

fibrin clot

56
Q

what makes us limit the use of a body part so it has a chance to rest and heal

A

pain

57
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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