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anatomy exam 2 > respiratory system gas transport > Flashcards

respiratory system gas transport Flashcards

1
Q

in oxygen transport, what % is bound to-
hemoglobin:
dissolved in plasma:

does oxygen have high or low solubility compared to CO2

A

98.5

1.5

low

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2
Q

how many mL of oxygen is transported in arterial blood per L

A

200 mL

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3
Q

hemoglobin-

what are the proteins on hemoglobin called and how many are there

each globin has a heme group, binds one O2 to an ____ atom

what is an O2 bound to hemoglobin

what is hemoglobin with no O2 where the Hb serves as a buffer for H+

A

globins; 4

iron

oxyhemoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

how many O2s can one hemoglobin carry

what is the saturation of Hb with 4 O2s per Hb

what about with 2 O2s

A

4

100%

50%

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5
Q

oxyhemoglobins disassociation curve:

why is it S shaped

what are the percentages

A

oxygen increases as PO2 increases until max capacity, and after that it levels off with about 22% till 100% saturation

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6
Q

what are the 3 ways that carbon dioxide is transported (with %s)

A

gas dissolved in plasma - 5%

carbonic acid - 90%

carbamino (carbaminohemoglobin) - 5%

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7
Q

how does the carbonic acid reaction occur within blood plasma

how does it occur in red blood cells

what causes this change is rates?

A

slowly

quickly

enzyme catalyses the reaction (carbonic anhydrase)

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8
Q

are the relative amounts of CO2 exchanged from the blood to the alveolar air different from the relative amounts transported in blood

A

yes

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9
Q

blood ___ ___ the dissolved CO2 gas and CO2 from the ____ ____ more easily than CO2 from bicarbonate carbonic acid

A

gives up

carbamino compounds

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10
Q

most exchanged CO2 comes from carbonic acid, but it is not the full % present in the blood. How much is present in the blood from this method of exchange?

A

70%

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11
Q

does more exchanged CO2 come from carb amino compounds than is in blood?

what is the % associated with this

A

yes

23

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12
Q

is there more gaseous CO2 delivered to the alveoli than is present in blood?

what is the % associated with this

A

yes

7%

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13
Q

for alveolar (external respiration):

what is the PO2

what is the PCO2

A

104 mm Hg

40 mm Hg

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14
Q

for systemic (internal) respiration, what is the

PO2

PCO2

A

40 mm Hg
46 mm Hg

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15
Q

for the antiport on hemoglobin:

what is going in
what is coming out

A

Cl -

HCO3 - (bicarbonate)

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16
Q

when CO2 is diffused into a blood cell, what happens to the H (after the RBC undergoes a reaction and H is a product)

A

it gets used as a reactant for O2 to be diffused from the RBC to tissues

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17
Q

what is in between the capillary blood and alveolar air (that gas molecules have to cross)

A

respiratory membrane

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18
Q

what is the abbreviation for hemoglobin

what is the abbreviation for deoxyhemohlobin

A

Hb

HHb

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19
Q

what does hemoglobin adjust to when unloading O2

A

metabolic needs

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20
Q

what are the 4 factors of the rate of oxygen unloading to need

A

ambient PO2
ambient pH
temperature
bisphosphoglycerate

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21
Q

does active tissue have high or low PO2

what happens during activity

A

low

O2 released from Hb

22
Q

what is the ambient pH affecting O2 unload called

does active tissue have high or low amounts of CO2 (is this acid or base)

does the Bohr effect raise or lower the pH of blood (describing the relationship)

what does it promote

A

Bohr affect

high; acid (lowers pH)

lowers

O2 unloading

23
Q

what happens when blood pH is lower than 7.35

what happens when blood pH is high than 7.45

A

acidosis

alkalosis

24
Q

the lower the pH, Hb’s affinity for O2 ____, which causes _____

A

decreases

offloading

25
Q

does high or low temperature promote O2 unloading

A

high

26
Q

what happens when bisphorsphoglycerate (BPG) binds to Hb

this is released when:
body temp is ____
when 4 hormones are released

A

O2 is unloaded

high

thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, epinephrine

27
Q

as body temp increases, Hb’s affinity for oxygen _______, and it promotes _____

A

decreases
unloading

28
Q

what types of altitudes promote O2 unloading

A

high

29
Q

a left shift is associated with:

a right shift is associated with:

(in regards to hemoglobin and O2 offloading)

A

lower offloading

higher offloading

30
Q

what is the nemonic for oxygen offloading

ACE BATS RIGHT HANDED

A

Acid
pCo2
Exercise
Bpg
Altitude
Temp

31
Q

what is the ideal:

blood pH
PCO2
PO2

A

7.35-7.45

40

95

32
Q

where do brainstem respiratory centers receive input from that monitor composition of CSF and blood

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

33
Q

what its the most potent stimulus for breathing

what is the second most potent

A

pH

Co2

34
Q

pulmonary ventilation is adjusted to maintain _____ of the brain

A

pH

35
Q

central chemoreceptors in what part of the brain produce about 75% of the range in respiration induced by a pH shift

what forms when CO2 crosses BBB and reacts with water in CSF

what strongly stimulates central chemoreceptors since CSF foist contain much buffer

A

medulla

carbonic acid

H+ from the carbonic acid

36
Q

what ions stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors

what % of the respiratory response to pH are these receptors responsible for

A

hydrogen

25%

37
Q

what is PCO2 during hypocapnia

it is the most common cause of ______

A

less than 37

alkalosis

38
Q

what is the PCO2 for hypercapnia

most common cause of _____

A

greater than 43

acidosis

39
Q

what is a corrective homeostatic response to acidosis

A

hyperventilation

40
Q

what is a corrective homeostatic response to alkalosis

A

hypoventilation

41
Q

PO2 usually has little effect on respiration at ____ elevations except for:

-if arterial PO2 is less than ___. heavy breathing is stimulated.
what sense that?

-respiration is driven more by low PO2 than by ___
what is this called?

can occur in what 2 diseases
what elevation

A

low

chromic hypoxemia

60
carotid bodies

pH
hypoxic drive

emphysema, pneumonia

high elevations

42
Q

where does the brain signal to in addition to skeletal muscles during exercise

why do they increase pulmonary ventilation before exercising the muscles

A

respiratory centers

anticipation

43
Q

what type of receptors does exercise stimulate in muscles and joints

when this happens, where are excitatory signals sent to

breathing is increased ____ to the demand or need for more O2

increase in pulmonary ventilation keep levels ____ during exercise

A

propioreceptors

respiratory center in brain stem

prior

normal

44
Q

what is the deficiency of oxygen or the inability to use oxygen

it is a _____ of respiratory diseases

A

hypoxia

consequence

45
Q

what is a state of low arterial PO2

what is this usually due to

A

hypoxemia hypoxia

inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

46
Q

what is the inadequate circulation of blood

what is this due to

A

ischemic hypoxia

congestive heart failure

47
Q

what is the inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen

A

anemia hypoxia

48
Q

what is when metabolic poisons prevent O2 use in tissue

A

histotoxic hypoxia

49
Q

what is hypoxia often marked by

A

blueness of skin

50
Q

what happens when pure O2 is breathed at 2.5 atm or greater

what does this generate (2)

what does it destroy

what does it damage

A

oxygen toxicity

free radicals and hydrogen peroxide

enzymes

nervous tissue

51
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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