Respiratory System (Thorax 1) Anatomy Flashcards
What is the superior thoracic aperture?
The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity
What is the superior thoracic inlet bounded by?
Posteriorly - T1
Laterally - 1st Pair of Ribs
Anteriorly - The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium
How many articular facets does the first rib have?
One
What shape is the first rib?
Broad and flat
What attaches to the scalene tubercle?
The anterior scalene muscle
What runs through the anterior groove of the first rib?
Subclavian vein
What runs through the posterior groove of the first rib?
Subclavian artery and the lowest branch of the brachial plexus
Which vertebrae does a rib articulate with?
The one of the same number and the one above
What type of joint exists between the head of the rib and the vertebral body?
Synovial Plane
What is the costotransverse joint?
The joint where the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae of the same number
What bounds the inferior thoracic aperture?
Posteriorly - T12
Laterally - 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
Anteriorly - Costal Cartilages of Ribs 7-10 and the Xiphisternal Joint
What is the lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?
Left Side - drains into the left brachiocephalic vein
Right Side - drains into the right brachiocephalic vein
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
The lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, costal cartilage of ribs 7-12 and the xiphoid process
Where does the diaphragm attach medially
A central tendon
What are the right and left crura?
tendinous parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae
Where does the right crus arise from?
L1-L3
Where does the left crus arise from?
L1-L2
What other function does the right crus have?
Some fibres surround the oesophageal opening and help prevent the reflux of gastric contents
What is the nerve supply to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory?
Both
What else does the phrenic nerve supply?
Pericardium
What nerve fibres supply the peripheral portions of the diaphragm?
Sensory fibres of intercostal nerves T7-T12
What is a hiatus?
An opening
What passes through the diaphragm at T8?
The inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
What is the name of the opening through the diaphragm at T8?
The caval opening
What passes through the diaphragm at T10?
The oesophagus and both vagus nerves
What is the name of the hiatus through the diaphragm at T10
The oesophageal hiatus
Where does the caval opening pass through the diaphragm?
The central tendon
Where does the oesophageal hiatus pass through the diaphragm?
The right crus
What passes through the diaphragm at T12?
The aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein and the thoracic duct
What is the name of the hiatus at T12
The aortic hiatus
Where does the aortic hiatus pass through the diaphragm?
Between the left and right hiatus
Where is the larynx found?
In the anterior neck between C3 and C6
Where does the larynx extend to?
From the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
What is the innervation of the larynx?
Vagus nerve
What is the vertebral level of the hyoid bone?
C2/C3
What is the vertebral level of the thyroid membrane?
C4
What is the vertebral level of the laryngeal prominence?
C5
What is the vertebral level of the start of the trachea?
C6
On which lung the lingula found?
Left
What is the hilum of the lung ?
The entry point for the root of the lung
What is the root of the lung?
The group of structures that enter or leave the lung through the hilum of the lung
Which lung has the eparterial bronchus?
Right lung
What is the nerve supply to the parietal pleura?
Somatic - Intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve
What is the nerve supply to the visceral pleura?
Autonomic - T2 - T5
Which pleura is sensitive to pain?
Parietal pleura
How many intercostal spaces difference is there between the inferior margin of the lung and the inferior margin of the parietal pleura?
2
What ribs mark the inferior border of the lung
6, 8 and 10
Where is the horizontal fissure located?
On the right lung following the line of the fourth rib anteriorly
Where is the oblique fissure located?
It begins at T3 and follows the line of the sixth rib anteriorly
What do bronchioles not have compared to bronchi and the trachea?
Cartilage, glands and goblet cells
At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?
T9
At what vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint located?
T4
Which structures lie in the costal groove?
Intercostal vessels and nerves
Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
Which ribs are false ribs?
8-12
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11-12
What shape is the vertebral body of a thoracic vertebra?
Heart shaped
What structures pass through the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord and meninges
What neural structure occupies the intervertebral notch?
Mixed spinal nerve
What shape and orientation is a thoracic spinous process?
Long, slender and sloped downwards
What structures make up the neural arch?
Pedicles and lamina
What forms the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?
T12, 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process
Which costal cartilages are directly attached to the sternum?
1-7
Which muscle is primarily used for breathing in a newborn?
Diaphragm
Which ribs/costal cartilages form the costal margin?
Ribs and cartilage of ribs 7-10
List the intercostal muscles from superficial to deep
External, Internal and Innermost
Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?
Internal and innermost intercostals
From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle
Intercostal vein, Intercostal Artery and Intercostal Nerve
In which area of the rib is the neurovascular bundle located?
Costal Groove
What is the intercostal membrane?
A thin aponeurosis that extends from the intercostal muscle
What is a dermatome?
An area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
What is the dermatome overlying the sternal angle?
T2
What is the dermatome overlying the nipple area?
T4
What is the dermatome overlying the umbilicus?
T10
What is the dermatome overlying the inguinal region?
L1
Which dome of the diaphragm lies more superior during expiration and why?
Right - due to the size of the right lobe of the liver
To which vertebrae are the right and left crura attached?
Lumbar
Which membrane covers the superior surface of the diaphragm
Parietal Pleura (Diaphragmatic)
What cardiac structure is attached to the central tendon?
Pericardium
To which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached?
Xiphoid Process
Which type of cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence?
Thyroid (Hyaline) Cartilage
What muscle completes the tracheal cartilage rings posteriorly?
Trachealis muscle
What is the final cartilage ring before the bifurcation of the trachea called?
Carina
What arteries lie immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck?
Common Carotid Arteries
What nerves lie immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides?
Vagus nerve
The groove lying between the trachea and oesophagus on both sides is called?
The trachea-oesophageal grooves
At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
Which major arteries arch over the left main bronchus?
Aorta and left pulmonary artery
What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?
Suprapleural membrane
What type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract?
Hyaline
What connective tissue fibre predominates in the respiratory tract?
Elastin
What type of muscle fibre is found in the respiratory tract?
Smooth
In which layer are the secreting glands located?
Sub-mucosal
What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?
Cuboidal
What is not found on bronchioles that is found in bronchi?
Cartilage plates, glands and goblet cells
