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Respiratory > Respiratory System (Thorax 1) Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Thorax 1) Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

Posteriorly - T1
Laterally - 1st Pair of Ribs
Anteriorly - The costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium

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3
Q

How many articular facets does the first rib have?

A

One

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4
Q

What shape is the first rib?

A

Broad and flat

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5
Q

What attaches to the scalene tubercle?

A

The anterior scalene muscle

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6
Q

What runs through the anterior groove of the first rib?

A

Subclavian vein

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7
Q

What runs through the posterior groove of the first rib?

A

Subclavian artery and the lowest branch of the brachial plexus

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8
Q

Which vertebrae does a rib articulate with?

A

The one of the same number and the one above

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9
Q

What type of joint exists between the head of the rib and the vertebral body?

A

Synovial Plane

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10
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

The joint where the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae of the same number

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11
Q

What bounds the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Posteriorly - T12
Laterally - 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
Anteriorly - Costal Cartilages of Ribs 7-10 and the Xiphisternal Joint

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?

A

Left Side - drains into the left brachiocephalic vein

Right Side - drains into the right brachiocephalic vein

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13
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

The lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, costal cartilage of ribs 7-12 and the xiphoid process

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14
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach medially

A

A central tendon

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15
Q

What are the right and left crura?

A

tendinous parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae

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16
Q

Where does the right crus arise from?

A

L1-L3

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17
Q

Where does the left crus arise from?

A

L1-L2

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18
Q

What other function does the right crus have?

A

Some fibres surround the oesophageal opening and help prevent the reflux of gastric contents

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19
Q

What is the nerve supply to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

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20
Q

Is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory?

A

Both

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21
Q

What else does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

Pericardium

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22
Q

What nerve fibres supply the peripheral portions of the diaphragm?

A

Sensory fibres of intercostal nerves T7-T12

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23
Q

What is a hiatus?

A

An opening

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24
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T8?

A

The inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve

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25
Q

What is the name of the opening through the diaphragm at T8?

A

The caval opening

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26
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T10?

A

The oesophagus and both vagus nerves

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27
Q

What is the name of the hiatus through the diaphragm at T10

A

The oesophageal hiatus

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28
Q

Where does the caval opening pass through the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon

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29
Q

Where does the oesophageal hiatus pass through the diaphragm?

A

The right crus

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30
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T12?

A

The aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein and the thoracic duct

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31
Q

What is the name of the hiatus at T12

A

The aortic hiatus

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32
Q

Where does the aortic hiatus pass through the diaphragm?

A

Between the left and right hiatus

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33
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

In the anterior neck between C3 and C6

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34
Q

Where does the larynx extend to?

A

From the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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35
Q

What is the innervation of the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve

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36
Q

What is the vertebral level of the hyoid bone?

A

C2/C3

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37
Q

What is the vertebral level of the thyroid membrane?

A

C4

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38
Q

What is the vertebral level of the laryngeal prominence?

A

C5

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39
Q

What is the vertebral level of the start of the trachea?

A

C6

40
Q

On which lung the lingula found?

A

Left

41
Q

What is the hilum of the lung ?

A

The entry point for the root of the lung

42
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

The group of structures that enter or leave the lung through the hilum of the lung

43
Q

Which lung has the eparterial bronchus?

A

Right lung

44
Q

What is the nerve supply to the parietal pleura?

A

Somatic - Intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve

45
Q

What is the nerve supply to the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic - T2 - T5

46
Q

Which pleura is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal pleura

47
Q

How many intercostal spaces difference is there between the inferior margin of the lung and the inferior margin of the parietal pleura?

A

2

48
Q

What ribs mark the inferior border of the lung

A

6, 8 and 10

49
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure located?

A

On the right lung following the line of the fourth rib anteriorly

50
Q

Where is the oblique fissure located?

A

It begins at T3 and follows the line of the sixth rib anteriorly

51
Q

What do bronchioles not have compared to bronchi and the trachea?

A

Cartilage, glands and goblet cells

52
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

A

T9

53
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint located?

A

T4

54
Q

Which structures lie in the costal groove?

A

Intercostal vessels and nerves

55
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

56
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-12

57
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

58
Q

What shape is the vertebral body of a thoracic vertebra?

A

Heart shaped

59
Q

What structures pass through the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal cord and meninges

60
Q

What neural structure occupies the intervertebral notch?

A

Mixed spinal nerve

61
Q

What shape and orientation is a thoracic spinous process?

A

Long, slender and sloped downwards

62
Q

What structures make up the neural arch?

A

Pedicles and lamina

63
Q

What forms the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A

T12, 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process

64
Q

Which costal cartilages are directly attached to the sternum?

A

1-7

65
Q

Which muscle is primarily used for breathing in a newborn?

A

Diaphragm

66
Q

Which ribs/costal cartilages form the costal margin?

A

Ribs and cartilage of ribs 7-10

67
Q

List the intercostal muscles from superficial to deep

A

External, Internal and Innermost

68
Q

Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

Internal and innermost intercostals

69
Q

From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle

A

Intercostal vein, Intercostal Artery and Intercostal Nerve

70
Q

In which area of the rib is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

Costal Groove

71
Q

What is the intercostal membrane?

A

A thin aponeurosis that extends from the intercostal muscle

72
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

73
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the sternal angle?

A

T2

74
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the nipple area?

A

T4

75
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the umbilicus?

A

T10

76
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the inguinal region?

A

L1

77
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm lies more superior during expiration and why?

A

Right - due to the size of the right lobe of the liver

78
Q

To which vertebrae are the right and left crura attached?

A

Lumbar

79
Q

Which membrane covers the superior surface of the diaphragm

A

Parietal Pleura (Diaphragmatic)

80
Q

What cardiac structure is attached to the central tendon?

A

Pericardium

81
Q

To which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached?

A

Xiphoid Process

82
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence?

A

Thyroid (Hyaline) Cartilage

83
Q

What muscle completes the tracheal cartilage rings posteriorly?

A

Trachealis muscle

84
Q

What is the final cartilage ring before the bifurcation of the trachea called?

A

Carina

85
Q

What arteries lie immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck?

A

Common Carotid Arteries

86
Q

What nerves lie immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides?

A

Vagus nerve

87
Q

The groove lying between the trachea and oesophagus on both sides is called?

A

The trachea-oesophageal grooves

88
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

89
Q

Which major arteries arch over the left main bronchus?

A

Aorta and left pulmonary artery

90
Q

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

Suprapleural membrane

91
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Hyaline

92
Q

What connective tissue fibre predominates in the respiratory tract?

A

Elastin

93
Q

What type of muscle fibre is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Smooth

94
Q

In which layer are the secreting glands located?

A

Sub-mucosal

95
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal

96
Q

What is not found on bronchioles that is found in bronchi?

A

Cartilage plates, glands and goblet cells

Respiratory (25 decks)

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