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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Respiratory System pt. II > Flashcards

Respiratory System pt. II Flashcards

1
Q

Barometric pressure (Bp)

A

Pressure of air outside the body

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2
Q

Alveolar pressure (P sub A)

A

Air in alveoli that exerts pressure

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3
Q

Intrapleural Pressure (P sub IP)

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity between visceral and parietal pleura

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4
Q

Why does air move?

A

There is a pressure gradient. For air to go in, barometric pressure has to be greater than alveolar pressure. For air to go out, alveolar pressure is higher than barometric pressure.

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5
Q

What do you do to decrease alveolar pressure?

A

Lower diaphragm to increase thoracic cavity volume to make alveolar pressure drop. Alveoli is in thoracic cavity and their pressure will also drop.

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6
Q

How do you increase alveolar pressure?

A

Diaphragm needs to go up to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity and it will increase the alveolar pressure.

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7
Q

What is the start of breathing?

A

The diaphragm contracts (moves down)

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8
Q

What muscles help lift your rib cage when breathing?

A

Pectoralis minor muscles, scalene muscles sternocleidomastoid muscle, serratus anterior muscles

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9
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

Allows the lungs to return to its resting size

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10
Q

What muscles are used for exhalation forcefully?

A

Internal innercoastal muscles pull ribs down and back.
Abdominal muscles

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11
Q

For a lung to work, what needs to happen?

A

Intrapleural pressure must be less than alveolar pressure

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12
Q

How does elastic recoil affect alveoli?

A

When alveoli pressure is more than barometric pressure, the elasticity in alveoli helps push the air out

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13
Q

What happens when someone has emphysema?

A

They lose elasticity in their alveoli, they work to breathe in

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14
Q

Anything that decreases the elastic recoil, will…

A

Make it harder work to breathe out even at rest

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15
Q

What are the pulmonary volumes

A

Tidal Volume (TV), Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV), Residual Volume(RV)

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16
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

The normal volume of air expired after a normal inspiration.
Normal healthy adult volume: 500 ml

17
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

The amount of air that you can expire after expiring a normal tidal volume

Normal adult ~ 1.0-1.2 L

18
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

The amount of air you can breathe in after inspiration of a volume equivalent to a tidal volume

Normal adult~3.3L

19
Q

Why is IRV more than ERV?

A

It gives more ability to bring in more air

20
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

Amount of air trapped in alveoli

Normal adult ~1.2 L

21
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs.

VC = RV + ERV+ TV+ IRV

           OR

VC = total lung capacity - RV

22
Q

What is the difference between vital capacity and residual volume?

A

Vital capacity is air that you can move but residual volume is air that you can’t move.

23
Q

What can affect your vital capacity?

A

The size of the thoracic cavity

Posture can change bc changing body position can change how much volume of thoracic cavity can change

Blood volume- more blood, less room for air

Excessive fluid in pleural or abdominal cavities (can compress the lungs)

Emphysema - loss of elastic recoil allows air to be trapped in the lungs ; increase in RV, decreases vital capacity

24
Q

What is Inspiratory capacity? (IC)

A

The volume of air you can breathe in after a normal expiration.
Normal adult: 3.5-3.8L
IRV+TV

25
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air that is in your lungs after a normal expiration

Normal is 2.2-2.4 L

26
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Is a volume of air that gets to gas exchange surfaces in the lungs

27
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

The volume of air that is not involved in gas exchange and SHOULDN’T be.
Is normal

28
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Abnormal; the volume of air that is not involved in gas exchange but SHOULD be

29
Q

Types of breathing

A

Eupnea, Hyperpnea, Hyperventilation, Hypoventilation, Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Apnea, Apneusis, Respiratory Failure

30
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal quiet breathing
12-20 resp/min

31
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increased in respiration because of increase in oxygen rate
Ex: exercise

32
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increase in breathing without an increase in oxygen demand; voluntary

33
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decrease pulmonary ventilation resulting in elevated blood CO2.

34
Q

Dsypnea

A

Difficult breathing and person is aware of it

35
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea when lying down, relieved sitting or standing ;fluid in lungs

36
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing after a normal expiration
Ex: swallowing, sleep apnea (abnormal)

37
Q

Apneusis

A

Temporary cessation of breathing after a normal inspiration

38
Q

Respiratory Failure

A

Stopping to breathe permanently.

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (17 decks)

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