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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Lecture 1 : Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 1 : Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is transferrin?

A

A protein that iron binds to and gets transported into the blood

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2
Q

Globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule gets broken down into what?

A

amino acids

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3
Q

Macrophages digest what?

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

When making RBC, what is the STEM cell type for all types of blood cells?

A

Hemocytoblast (Hematopoetic stem cells)

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5
Q

What is the stage of RBC development before mature RBC?

A

Reticulocyte

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6
Q

True or False.

Mature RBC does NOT have a nucleus.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Why are reticulocytes important?

A

You can see reticulocyte in circulation.

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8
Q

When someone has a high reticulocyte count, what does this mean?

A

They make a lot of RBC. It can be due to a RBC disorder or recovery from a hemorrhage.

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9
Q

Your liver and spleen remove approximately ___________ per day for circulation.

A

200 million RBC / day

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10
Q

The process of making RBC is called…

A

Erythropoiesis

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11
Q

What are the the two factors that stimulate erythropoiesis?

A

A hormone called Erythropoietin (erythropoietinogen) is in the blood and made by liver.
Another is low oxygen in the blood.

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12
Q

When oxygen level in the blood is dropping, cells in the kidney convert ___________ to __________.

A

Erythropoietinogen to Erythropoietin

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13
Q

What floats around in the blood to be available?

A

Erythropoietinogen

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14
Q

Erthropoietin stimulates the ___________ in order to make RBC.

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

More RBC mean…

A

Oxygen carrying capacity

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16
Q

What do you need in order for your red bone marrow to be healthy?

A

Vitamin B12, Iron, Copper & Cobalt (act as cofactors for making blood cells), enough amino acids ( to make globin chains)

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17
Q

Intrinsic Factor is made by

A

Parts of a lining of a person’s stomach

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18
Q

What does the intrinsic factor do?

A

Binds to Vitamin B12 and keeps it from breaking down in the stomach and absorbed in the small intestine

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19
Q

What can WBC be classified as?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Specific or Non-specific Immunity

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20
Q

White Blood cells can migrate outside of the bloodstream. This is called…

A

Diapedesis

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21
Q

White Blood Cells are used to….

A

go in and out of the blood, encounter things to clean up, or hunt and kill things.

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22
Q

A characteristic of WBC is amoeboid movement. What does this do?

A

White blood cells are not dependent on plasma flowing to move them.

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23
Q

Characteristics of WBC are…

A

Diapedesis, amoeboid movement, exhibit chemotaxis,

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24
Q

What is Positive Chemotaxis?

A

WBC attracted to a particular chemicals

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25
Q

How does WBC clean up damaged tissue or damaged cells?

A

When tissues are damaged, what’s inside the cells are released to the outside. This attracts the WBC to “clean up” the damaged area.

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26
Q

__________, __________, and ____________ are phagocytic.

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.

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27
Q

What are the suffixes for Granulocytes?

A

-phils

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28
Q

What are the suffixes for Agranulocyte?

A

-ctyes

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29
Q

Neutrophils are granules that make up

A

65% of WBC

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30
Q

Granules in neutrophils contain what?

A

Lysosomal enzymes that get secreted onto damaged tissue to help digest it and break it down.

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31
Q

Neutrophil’s nucleus has how many lobes?

A

At least 2 lobes

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32
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

They are the main component of clean up crew with no appetite control. They will keep cleaning up dead tissue until they die.

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33
Q

What is pus?

A

An accumulation of neutrophil corpses

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34
Q

What WBC make up Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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35
Q

What does Histamine do?

A

Makes blood vessels more permeable; makes it easier for water to get out

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36
Q

What is the importance of Eosinophils?

A

They are involved in allergic reactions and involved in protection against parasitic worms that take up residence in your digestive and respiratory tract.

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37
Q

Basophils are what?

A

Has Histamine and Heparine. Is NOT involved in allergies. They are the trigger for a local inflammatory response.

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38
Q

How does swelling occur?

A

Histamine and Heparin increases blood flow to the area and making it easier for blood to get out. Redness is from an increase of blood flow and swelling is from fluid leaving the blood vessels.

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39
Q

What is the biggest WBC?

A

Monocyte

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40
Q

Agranulocytes consists of what?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

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41
Q

What happens when Monocytes are activated?

A

They become macrophages. They are partnered with Neutrophils for general clean up.

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42
Q

What is the only WBC involved in specific Immunity?

A

Lymphocyte

43
Q

What does specific immunity mean?

A

A specific something that the cell is trying to protect you from.

44
Q

What percentage of WBC are Lymphocytes?

A

25%

45
Q

What is the smallest WBC?

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

What are the three types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • T-cells
  • B- cells
  • Natural Killer cells
47
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

Provide cell mediated immunity

48
Q

What cells directly attack something specific?

A

T - cells

49
Q

What do B- cells do?

A

Needs to be activated to change into plasma cells in order to secrete antibodies.

50
Q

For B-cells, what do their antibodies do?

A

Give humoral immunity

51
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer Cells?

A

Immunological Surveillance ( looking for cells that are yours but not normally there). Protects against cancer.

52
Q

Normal WBC count

A

5,000 - 10, 000 / mm^3

53
Q

What do you call a WBC count that is ABOVE count?

A

Leukocytosis

54
Q

What do you call a WBC count that is BELOW count?

A

Leukokemia

55
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

150,000 - 500,000 platelets / mm^3

56
Q

A platelet count BELOW 80,000 / mm^3 is considered what?

A

Thrombocytopenia

57
Q

A platelet count ABOVE 500,000 / mm^3 is considered what?

A

Thrombocytosis

58
Q

What are the risks for thrombocytosis?

A

Clotting when you shouldn’t be clotting

59
Q

What happens during Thrombocytopenia?

A

Not enough platelets to get a positive feedback reaction; may not be able to get a good enough clotting response.

60
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Hemostasis (stopping blood flow out of blood vessels)

61
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

The process of Thrombopoiesis that is controlled by Thrombopoietin.

62
Q

How do megakaryocytes provide platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes pinch off or blow up. 1 megakaryocyte gives about 4,000 platelets.

63
Q

What are the phases of Hemostasis?

A

Vascular Phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation Phase

64
Q

What happens in the Vascular Phase?

A

The blood vessel gets injured and starts a muscular spasm. Smooth muscle contracts and the hole in the blood vessel is smaller.

65
Q

What happens to cause a damaged blood vessels?

A

Cells must break open

66
Q

What is in the wall of the blood vessel?

A

Collagen

67
Q

What happens when there is exposed collagen?

A

Platelets stick to it.

68
Q

In the Vascular Phase how do platelets attract?

A

Exposed Collagen or ADP is released and platelets are attracted to it.

69
Q

What are the two characteristics of the platelet phase?

A

Adhesion and Aggregation

70
Q

What occurs in Adhesion in the Platelet phase?

A

platelet stick to damaged area of blood vessels when activated

71
Q

What occurs in Aggregation in the Platelet Phase?

A

Platelets stick to other platelets and needs to be activated.

72
Q

How do you activate platelets?

A

Exposed Collagen, Calcium floating around, ADP

73
Q

What occurs during the positive feedback?

A

Activated platelets activate platelets.

74
Q

What is the Platelet Plug?

A

The first level for blocking blood flow in this damaged area. (Is not a clot)

75
Q

What is the Coagulation phase?

A

Makes a clot to stop blood loss and a barrier to bacteria.

76
Q

Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis involves a cascade. What is a cascade?

A

A protective mechanism (domino affect)

77
Q

What is the Extrinsic Pathway triggered by?

A

Tissue damage and cells releasing tissue factor

78
Q

What is the Intrinsic Pathway triggered by?

A

exposed collagen fibers and blood cells to activate platelets to secrete clotting factors to the common pathway.

79
Q

Why is Calcium necessary for clotting to occur?

A

Not enough calcium = not clotting effectively

80
Q

What are the four proteins involved in the common pathway?

A

Prothrombin, Thrombin, Fibrinogen, and Fibrin.

81
Q

What are the two Active Proteins in the Common Pathway?

A

Thrombin and Fibrin

82
Q

What are the two Inactive Proteins in the Common Pathway?

A

Prothrombin and Fibrinogen

83
Q

Prothrombin is made by the….

A

Liver

84
Q

What is the job of Thrombin?

A

To convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin

85
Q

What forms the framework of clotting?

A

Fibrin

86
Q

What is Vitmain K and why is it important?

A

A fat soluble vitamin and the liver needs an enough amount to make prothrombin.

87
Q

What is needed to activate the Common Pathway?

A

Active Factor X from both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway.

88
Q

What is Fibrin?

A

a long skinny protein that forms a mesh when activated platelets stick to Fibrin.

89
Q

How is a clot formed?

A

Prothrombin > Thrombin > Fibrinogen > Fibrin.

Activated platelets stick to the Fibrin. RBC and WBC stick to platelets. Adding more stuff on framework of Fibrin to eventually form a clot.

90
Q

What happens during Clot Retraction?

A

Filaments of actin and myosin pull ends of blood vessels toward each other and platelets in the clot contract to pull fibrin in to make more dense.

91
Q

Why is it important for the Clot Retraction Phase to be dense?

A

Makes the clot more solid and makes it harder for things to come in and out.

92
Q

Clot Dissolution process is called…

A

Fibrinolysis

93
Q

What is Plasminogen?

A

An inactive Precursor. Gets converted into Plasmin where it cuts Fibrin into small pieces.

94
Q

What converts Plasminogen to Plasmin?

A

Thrombin

95
Q

What slows Clotting?

A

A lining of blood vessels has to be SMOOTH to keep platelets from activating.

Chemicals that oppose clotting (Heparin, Citrate, )

96
Q

What promotes Clotting?

A

-Rough surfaces
-slowing blood flow through an area
-elevate
-cold
-compression
-long car rides

97
Q

What is Streptokinase?

A

Medication used to break down clots

98
Q

What is t-PA?

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

99
Q

What happens when you activate Plasminogen?

A

Plasmin that breaks down Fibrin

100
Q

Why is t-PA given to patients with a heart attack or stroke?

A

Because a clot is blocking their artery.
Tissue plasminogen activator where plasmin activates fibrin.

101
Q

Two types of Stroke are:

A

Occlusive Stroke and Hemmorrhagic Stroke

102
Q

What is an Occlusive Stroke?

A

a clot and blood flow has been blocked. Not getting enough oxygen and nutrients.

103
Q

What is an Hemorrhagic Stroke?

A

NOT A CLOT.
Where blood vessel is open and blood is going out of the blood vessels.

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (17 decks)

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