Lecture 5: Respiratory System Flashcards
List the three structures of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and the Laryngopharynx
What is the pharynx lined with?
Mucus epithelial
What is the Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx shared by?
Digestive and Respiratory Tract
Nasopharynx is where?
Internal nares to the soft palate
Oropharynx is where?
Soft Palate to the Hyoid Bone
Laryngopharynx is where?
Hyoid Bone to the Esophagus
What are the functions of the pharynx?
- To get air to and from the lungs
- Help get food into the digestive tract
- Affects phonation (speech production)
What is the Larynx also known as?
“The voice box”
What does the Larynx have?
- 3 LARGE UNPAIRED cartilages
- 3 SMALL PAIRED cartilages
What are the 3 UNPAIRED (large) cartilages of the Larynx?
Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Epiglottis
What prevents materials when swallowing, from going into your airways?
Epiglottis
How does the Epiglottis prevent materials from going into your airways?
It folds over
What are the 3 PAIRED (smaller) cartilages of the Larynx?
- 2 Arytenoid cartilages
- 2 Cuneiform cartilages
- 2 Corniculate cartilages
What is the Largest cartilage in all the Larynx?
Thyroid Cartilage
Why is the Thyroid Cartilage more prominent in males?
Because men have thyroid gland over theirs and women have a “fat pad”.
Why does your Thyroid cartilage move up when you swallow?
It moves up to push epiglottis and it will cover the entrance to larynx and trachea
What is the space between the vocal cords called?
Glottis
When the vocal cords are together, you can’t see the glottis. What happens to produce sound?
Air comes OUT and vibrates the vocal cords.
The ability to make sound is called?
Phonation
The ability to make words and clear speech is called?
Articulation
What affects sounds we produce during phonation or articulation?
tongue, teeth, lips, pharynx affects vowel sounds, sound bounce around in paranasal sinus, nasal cavity
What are the two sets of muscles that help operate the larynx?
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx and Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
What does the Intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
Have origin and insertion in the larynx
-muscles that adjust the tension in the vocal cords
What does the Extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
Move the whole larynx
What are the functions of the larynx?
- Voice Production
-warms, filters, and humidifies incoming air
-aids in removal of dust particles
-protects airways against entrance of soil or liquids into lungs
functions in respiration as part of vital pathway to the lungs
What helps warm, filter , and humidify incoming air?
Respiratory Mucosa (psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells)
How long is the trachea?
11 inch long and 2.5 cm in diameter
Where is the trachea located?
goes from bottom of larynx to the the beginning of the primary bronchi
What is in the wall of the trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the shape of the cartilages?
C-shaped
What is directly behind the trachea?
Esophagus
What does the cartilages do?
Help keep the lumen of trachea open all the time
What happens to your esophagus when you swallow?
Esophagus expands into my trachea because I only need esophagus open when I’m swallowing something
What helps to adjust the diameter of the trachea just a little bit?
Trachealis muscle can contract by covering the gap between two ends of that C-shape cartiglage.
It is a smooth muscle that is controlled by autonomic nervous system to make diameter of trachea smaller.
The whole trachea is lined with what?
Respiratory mucosa
What are the functions of the trachea?
- Warm, filter, and humidify incoming air
- Getting air to and from the lungs
The trachea branches to form what?
Primary Bronchi (Mainstem Bronchus)
What is the Primary Bronchi?
Main airway for a lung
What is the point between the Left and Right Primary Bronchus called?
Carina
What does the Primary Bronchi Branch into?
Secondary Bronchi
What does does the Secondary Bronchi branch into?
Tertiary Bronchi
What are the differences between the Right and Left Primary Bronchus?
The Right Primary Bronchus is a little more vertical and shorter than the Left .
What are Bronchioles?
- Airway equivalent to arterioles
- don’t have cartilage in the wall
-transitioning AWAY from psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells.
Why do you not want psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells all the way down into your lungs?
Too thick for effective gas exchange
What are Terminal Bronchioles?
The LAST of the airways that are NOT INVOLVED in gas exchange.
What goes after the Terminal Bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles
What are Respiratory Bronchioles?
LAST airways that are thin enough to be involved in gas exchange.
What is the wall of the Respiratory Bronchioles?
single layer of squamous epithelium at a basement membrane
What is the airway after the Respiratory bronchioles?
Alveolar Duct
True or False?
Alveolar Duct is also involved in gas exchange.
TRUE
What are Alveoli?
The air sacs in the lungs
To have gas exchange, we need…
-respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts that only have a single layer so gases can move through them
-air sacs ( alveoli and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts are surrounded by capillaries)
Between your two lungs, how many alveoli do you have?
300 million alveoli
What is the advantage of having 300 million alveoli?
gives a huge amount surface area.
More surface area = more gas exchange
What is the majority of cells in alveolus cells.
Type 1 alveolar cells (or Type 1 pneumocytes)
What do Type 1 alveolar cells do?
- simple squamous cells
- “hang out” and have gas exchange happen through them.
What do Type 2 alveolar cells do?
-cuboidal (too thick for gas exchange)
-make surfactant
Water is collecting on the wall of what?
Inside of the alveolus
Water molecules are attracted to what?
Water and protein (from Type 1 & Type 2 alveolar cells)
What happens to the water to protect the alveoli?
Pulls walls in and decrease the surface area
The smaller the alveolus gets , ….
the harder it is to open it up
What is the job of surfactant?
Decrease surface tension
As surface tension of the water pulls the walls in, it starts to compress the surfactant and pushed back out. What does it make the surface tention?
This makes the Net surface tension lower
What is the reason immature infants have such a hard time breathing?
They haven’t developed the ability to make surfactant yet. All they get is the surface tension pulling in and decreasing their surface area for gas exchange. The water pulling in, makes inhaling harder. Has to use more muscles to breathe.
Where does water accumulate?
Water accumulates in the alveolus.
Surfactant is being released where?
in the inside surface
The function of alveoli is?
Gas exchange
What cells make up the alveolus?
Epithelial cells that sit on a basement membrane
Capillaries that are associated with alveolus are made up of?
Endothelium that lines blood vessels are simple squamous epithelial cells sitting on a basement membrane
What makes up the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, and endothelial cells (from capilliary)
What does the respiratory membrane describe?
What a gas has to pass through to go from alveolus into the capillary OR from the capillary into the alveolus.
If each individual part of the respiratory membrane had their own basement membrane, what would happen?
It make the respiratory membrane thicker and gas exchange would be less efficient.
Fresh lungs are what texture?
Spongey
Lungs are what shape?
Cone shaped
What side of the lung is bigger?
The Right side of the lung is bigger than the Left side
What is the dent found in the Left lung called?
Cardiac Notch
What does the cardiac notch do?
makes some room in the left lung for the heart
How many lobes does the Right lung have?
3 lobes
What are the lobes in the Right lung?
Superior Lobe, Middle Lobe, Inferior Lobe
What fissures divides the lobes in the RIGHT Lung?
Horizontal fissure = separates the superior and middle lobes
Oblique fissure = seperates the middle and inferior lobe
How many lobes does the Left lung have?
2 lobes
What are the lobes in the LEFT lung?
Superior lobe and Inferior lobe
What fissure divides the lobes in the LEFT lung?
Oblique fissure = seperates superior lobe and inferior lobe
Each lobe has its main airway. What is the main airway TO A LOBE OF LUNG?
Secondary Bronchus
How many secondary bronchi does the R and L lobe of lung have?
LEFT lung has 2 lobes so it has 2 Secondary bronchi.
RIGHT lung has 3 lobes so it has 3 Secondary bronchi
In the medial side of each lung, there is a structure that looks like a slit. What is this called?
Hilum
What does a Hilum do?
Where primary bronchi go into the lung, along with a pulmonary artery and their two pulmonary veins coming out
The primary bronchus, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins with lymphatics and nerves make up ___________.
Root of the Lung
In the hilum, why is the pulmonary artery blue and pulmonary veins red?
The pulmonary artery is carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The pulmonary veins are carrying blood from the lungs and gone through gas exchange to the L side of the heart.
On the surface of the lung, what is stuck to it?
Visceral Pleura
If lungs are mostly air space and not a lot of tissue, what supports the lung and harder to over-inflate?
Visceral Pleura
What lines the thoracic cavity in the region of each lung?
Parietal pleura
What is the space between between the visceral and parietal pleura?
Pleural Space
In the pleural space, what is inside?
Pleural Fluid
How is pleural fluid made?
By the two layers of the pleura
True or False?
The lungs are in the pleural space.
FALSE.
The pleural space surrounds the lungs, but they ARE NOT in it.
What are the functions of the lungs?
Air distribution and Gas exchange
What the regions of the thoracic cavity?
3 regions
- region w/ left lung in it
- region w/ right lung in it
- space in between w/ esophagus, heart, aorta, trachea (Mediastinum)
Why is there pleural fluid in the pleural space?
To decrease friction
What happens if you get too much pleural fluid in the pleural space?
It makes breathing very painful
What happens if you bleed too much in the pleural space?
That fluid starts to collapse the lung
What happens if you get air into the pleural space?
Air starts to collapse the lung
Why do we care if air or fluid gets into pleural space?
- it hurts
- decreases surface area for gas exchange
It is the contraction/ relaxation of a diaphragm that triggers everything. What does this mean?
Your diaphragm DOESN’T contract when you breathe in, YOU BREATHE IN BECAUSE the diaphragm contracts.
What 4 things are involved in Respiration?
- external respiration
- transport of gases
- internal respiration
- regulation of the system
What does external respiration do?
- ventilation ( moving air in and out of the lungs )
- gas exchange at pulmonary capillaries
What does internal respiration do?
- gas exchange at systemic capillaries ( any capillary that is not in the lung)
- cells using oxygen ( Krebs cycle, electron transport)
The air all around exerts pressure on us. What type of pressure is this?
Barometric Pressure ( P sub B)
When we breathe out, we are not able to push all the air in our lungs out. What type of pressure is left?
Alveolar pressure ( P sub A)
What is the pressure we find in the space between the pleura?
Intrapleural pressure (PIP)
Why is intrapleural pressure important?
Intrapleural pressure must ALWAYS BE < Alveolar pressure. If it isn’t it will cause the lungs to collapse.
Yes or No?
Can you change Barometric Pressure?
NO
What pressure can you change that leads to breathing in or out?
Alveolar pressure
How can we change alveolar pressure?
By changing the size of the thoracic cavity
What makes air move?
Pressure gradient
If you want air to come in (inspiration), what needs to happen to make Barometric Pressure > Alveolar Pressure?
Must lower Alveolar pressure.
Diaphragm moves down > thoracic cavity volume gets bigger > external intercostals pulls ribs up & out >increase size of thoracic cavity > decrease pressure in thoracic cavity > alveolar pressure goes down for air to come in
If you need to bring in more air to make the thoracic cavity even bigger, what muscles can you use to help force inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid muscles and scalene muscle can lift rib cage up. Serratus anterior will make ribcage bigger. Pectoralis Minor muscles ( exercise) makes thoracic cavity bigger.
When Barometric Pressure > Alveolar pressure, what happens?
Air will go into a place where the pressure is higher outside your body, to a place where the pressure is lower inside your lungs.
What happens when alveolar pressure and barometric pressure are EQUAL?
Air is not moving either way
If you want air to come out (expiration), what needs to happen to make Alveolar Pressure > Barometric Pressure?
Must raise alveolar pressure.
(AT THE SAME TIME)
Diaphragm goes up (relaxes)
thoracic cavity gets smaller
pressure in thoracic cavity goes up
relax external intercoastal muscles
At rest, when you breathe out?
Relax the muscles that you use to inhale
When you need more active expiration,
the internal intercostals contract and pull the ribs down and back to make thoracic cavity smaller and increase the pressure
What muscles do you use for force expiration?
obliques, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis makes my adbominal cavity smaller by pushing in which helps to push the diaphragm up more.
When blowing a candle, you bend down making your rectus abdominis pulls rib cage down making thoracic cavity smaller and increasing pressure in abdominal cavity to make smaller thoracic cavity to push more air out.
When pressure in the thoracic cavity goes up, what happens?
alveolar pressure has to go up.
When pressure in the thoracic cavity goes down, what happens?
Alveolar pressure goes down.
