Respiratory System Pt. 2 Flashcards
What are the three types of tuberculosis?
Primary, secondary, and disseminated
What pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Primary tuberculosis primarily affects what population?
Children
What are the hard calcified nodules that form in the lung following tuberculosis called?
Tubercles
What is the term for when a calcified nodule AND calcification of an associated lymph node occurs during TB?
Ghon’s complex
What type of “cheese-like” necrosis is present in lung tissue with TB?
Caseous necrosis
Which type of TB often becomes dormant?
Primary
What type of TB is a reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancy?
Secondary TB
Secondary TB in common among what kind of individuals?
Those with suppressed immune systems
What type of TB results when the infection spreads throughout the body via blood and lymph?
Disseminated TB
What was the name given to the wasting of the body from multiple sites seen in disseminated TB?
Consumption
What is the condition when TB spreads to the spine?
Pott’s disease
How is TB spread?
Respiratory droplets
About how much of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
1/3
Where is TB pandemic?
Many parts of the world, especially Africa
What percentage of people all over the world develop life threatening cases of TB?
10%
What is the leading killer of HIV+ individuals?
Tuberculosis
What group of individuals are at the most risk for developing TB?
Immunocompromised
What are other risk factors for TB?
Diabetes, poor nutrition, stress, crowded living conditions, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking
Why is tuberculosis considered a reemerging disease?
Due to drug-resistant strains developing (MDR, XDR)
Why is TB able to be so drug resistant?
Pathogen responsible is mycobacteria which is difficult to treat
What noninvasive test is used to identify TB?
Tuberculin skin test
How can we identify individuals with active TB?
Chest X-rays
How is TB treated?
Combination therapy
How can TB be prevented?
Immunization with BCG vaccine where TB is common
What is the lay term for pertussis?
Whooping cough
What are the four stages of pertussis?
Incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent
What is the causative agent for pertussis?
Bordetella pertussis
What phase of pertussis involves a repetitive cough with whoops, vomiting, and exhaustion?
Paroxysmal
What phase of pertussis involves no symptoms?
Incubation
What phase of pertussis involves rhinorrhea, sneezing, malaise, and fever?
Catarrhal
What phase of pertussis involves a diminishing cough with possible secondary complications?
Convalescent
Most cases of pertussis involve what population?
Children
Why is pertussis highly contagious?
Bacteria spread easily through the air in airborne droplets
What kind of a disease is pertussis?
Reemerging
What is the characteristic symptoms of pertussis?
Whooping sound in the cough
What type of treatment is used for pertussis?
Only supportive treatments, not antibiotics
Why aren’t antibiotics used for pertussis?
Bacteria is gram negative which means endotoxins like lipid A could be released with cell wall destruction causing even more damage
How can pertussis be prevented?
DTaP/TDaP vaccine
What is the position of sitting upright and leaning slightly forward called that is used by those with epiglottitis to help them breathe?
Tripod position
What is the pathogen responsible for epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenza B
How is epiglottitis transmitted?
Person to person, direct contact, or droplet inhalation
Epiglottitis is most common among what population?
Children
When does epiglottitis peak?
Spring and fall
Is epiglottitis a serious condition?
Medical emergency that requires immediate medial help
What is the treatment for epiglottitis?
ICU hospital stay with antibiotics, breathing treatments, IV fluids, and anti-inflammatories to decrease throat swelling
How can epiglottitis be prevented?
Hib vaccine
Inhalational anthrax symptoms resemble what other condition?
Cold or flu
Is inhalational anthrax a serious condition?
Can result in death
What is the causative agent of inhalational anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis (endospore forming)
How is inhalational anthrax spread?
Contact or inhalation of endospores
Can inhalational anthrax be spread from person to person?
NO
What is the mortality rate for inhalational anthrax?
100% but early treatment can knock it down to 50%
Is inhalational anthrax a common disease?
Rare in humans (but is a bioterrorist threat)
What is the mechanism of disease for inhalational anthrax?
Endospores germinate in lungs, secrete toxins that are absorbed by the bloodstream
How is inhalational anthrax diagnosed?
Identification of bacteria in sputum
Is there a vaccine for inhalational anthrax?
Anthrax vaccine for certain individuals
What is another name for the influenza virus?
Orthromyxovirus
What pathogen is responsible for influenza?
Influenza virus types A and B
What are the two special pieces of proteins seen in influenza viruses type A and B?
Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)
What are the two ways in which Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na) produce new strains?
Antigenic drift, antigenic shift
What type of change is occurring when small changes happen to the Ha and Na pieces of the influenza virus resulting in new flu vaccines needing to be formed every year?
Antigenic drift
When does the antigenic shift occur altering the influenza virus?
When the viruses jump between animals like birds or pigs
What type of change occurs when brand new Ha or Na pieces result of the influenza virus?
Antigenic shift
What type of viral change is the reason why influenza pandemics occur?
Antigenic shift (brand new Ha or Na protein pieces)
How is influenza transmitted?
Inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation
Flu patients are susceptible to what other conditions?
Secondary bacterial infections
What does the influenza virus cause damage to?
Lung epithelium
Complications of the flu usually occur among what populations?
Elderly, children, those with chronic diseases
What version of the flu is considered an emerging disease?
H1N1 flu
When must anti-virals be administered in a flu infection?
Within first 24 hours of infection
How can the flu be prevented?
Cough/sneeze in elbow, handwashing
What is important to know about the trivalent flu vaccine?
Protective only against the specific strains included in the vaccine of that year
Explain the famous 1918 Spanish flu.
Influenza A virus H1N1 type flu resulting in a 2 year pandemic that killed over 50 million people
Explain the famous 1957 Asian flu.
Influenza A virus H2N2 type flu resulting from an antigen shift between wild ducks and people that lasted one year and killed about 2 million people
Explain the famous 1968 Hong Kong flu.
Started out as 1957 Asian flu then went through antigen shift in 1968 and became H3N2 which was more mild and killed about 1 million people
Explain the famous 2003 Bird flu.
H5N1 type A influenza virus in Thailand found in 400 people and killed 200 of them
Explain the famous 2009 Swine flu.
H1N1 type A influenza virus that has killed more than 18,000 people (believed to be an ancestor of the 1918 flu pandemic virus), and the pandemic was declared officially over in 2010
What is bronchitis?
Infection of the epithelium of the bronchi resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus
About 90% of acute bronchitis is caused by what group of pathogens?
Viruses (rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza)
About 10% of acute bronchitis is cause by what group of pathogens?
Bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis)
When does bronchitis usually develop?
During the course of an URI such as the common cold or influenza
What is the usual treatment for bronchitis?
Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers, antibiotics if bacterial
What is the pathogen responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?
Coronavirus called SARS virus
How is SARS virus spread?
Respiratory droplets
What is the mortality rate for SARS?
10%
What is the treatment/prevention for SARS?
There are none (supportive treatment only) but prevention by quarantine and face masks possible
What are some significant symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing
What severe and fatal infection can result from respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Bronchiolitis
What pathogen is responsible for respiratory syncytial virus infection?
RSV: respiratory syncytial virus (Pneumovirus)
What is believed to be the most common childhood lower respiratory infection?
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
How is respiratory syncytial virus infection diagnosed?
Immunoassay
What is the treatment for severe bronchiolitis?
Supportive therapy for young children, including oxygen therapy
Is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) dangerous?
Often fatal
What is the pathogen responsible for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
Hantavirus
How is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome transmitted?
From mice via inhalation of virions in dried mouse urine or feces
Is Hantavrius pulmonary syndrome transmitted via humans?
NO
What is the treatment for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
No specific treatment
How can Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome be prevented?
Control of rodents
What is croup?
Inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
What kind of cough is associated with croup?
“Seal-bark”
When do most patients recover from croup?
Within 2 days
What is the cause of croup most of the time?
Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)
What else can cause croup besides the parainfluenza virus?
RSV, measles, adenovirus, and influenza
What group of people are particularly susceptible to croup?
Children (usually between 3 months and 5 years of age)
How is croup transmitted?
Respiratory droplets and person-to-person contact
