Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Exam Three > Respiratory System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Pt. 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of tuberculosis?

A

Primary, secondary, and disseminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary tuberculosis primarily affects what population?

A

Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the hard calcified nodules that form in the lung following tuberculosis called?

A

Tubercles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the term for when a calcified nodule AND calcification of an associated lymph node occurs during TB?

A

Ghon’s complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of “cheese-like” necrosis is present in lung tissue with TB?

A

Caseous necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which type of TB often becomes dormant?

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of TB is a reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancy?

A

Secondary TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary TB in common among what kind of individuals?

A

Those with suppressed immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of TB results when the infection spreads throughout the body via blood and lymph?

A

Disseminated TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was the name given to the wasting of the body from multiple sites seen in disseminated TB?

A

Consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the condition when TB spreads to the spine?

A

Pott’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is TB spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

About how much of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is TB pandemic?

A

Many parts of the world, especially Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of people all over the world develop life threatening cases of TB?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the leading killer of HIV+ individuals?

A

Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What group of individuals are at the most risk for developing TB?

A

Immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are other risk factors for TB?

A

Diabetes, poor nutrition, stress, crowded living conditions, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is tuberculosis considered a reemerging disease?

A

Due to drug-resistant strains developing (MDR, XDR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is TB able to be so drug resistant?

A

Pathogen responsible is mycobacteria which is difficult to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What noninvasive test is used to identify TB?

A

Tuberculin skin test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can we identify individuals with active TB?

A

Chest X-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Combination therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can TB be prevented?

A

Immunization with BCG vaccine where TB is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the lay term for pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the four stages of pertussis?

A

Incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the causative agent for pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What phase of pertussis involves a repetitive cough with whoops, vomiting, and exhaustion?

A

Paroxysmal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What phase of pertussis involves no symptoms?

A

Incubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What phase of pertussis involves rhinorrhea, sneezing, malaise, and fever?

A

Catarrhal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What phase of pertussis involves a diminishing cough with possible secondary complications?

A

Convalescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Most cases of pertussis involve what population?

A

Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is pertussis highly contagious?

A

Bacteria spread easily through the air in airborne droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What kind of a disease is pertussis?

A

Reemerging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the characteristic symptoms of pertussis?

A

Whooping sound in the cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of treatment is used for pertussis?

A

Only supportive treatments, not antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why aren’t antibiotics used for pertussis?

A

Bacteria is gram negative which means endotoxins like lipid A could be released with cell wall destruction causing even more damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How can pertussis be prevented?

A

DTaP/TDaP vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the position of sitting upright and leaning slightly forward called that is used by those with epiglottitis to help them breathe?

A

Tripod position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenza B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How is epiglottitis transmitted?

A

Person to person, direct contact, or droplet inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Epiglottitis is most common among what population?

A

Children

44
Q

When does epiglottitis peak?

A

Spring and fall

45
Q

Is epiglottitis a serious condition?

A

Medical emergency that requires immediate medial help

46
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A

ICU hospital stay with antibiotics, breathing treatments, IV fluids, and anti-inflammatories to decrease throat swelling

47
Q

How can epiglottitis be prevented?

A

Hib vaccine

48
Q

Inhalational anthrax symptoms resemble what other condition?

A

Cold or flu

49
Q

Is inhalational anthrax a serious condition?

A

Can result in death

50
Q

What is the causative agent of inhalational anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis (endospore forming)

51
Q

How is inhalational anthrax spread?

A

Contact or inhalation of endospores

52
Q

Can inhalational anthrax be spread from person to person?

A

NO

53
Q

What is the mortality rate for inhalational anthrax?

A

100% but early treatment can knock it down to 50%

54
Q

Is inhalational anthrax a common disease?

A

Rare in humans (but is a bioterrorist threat)

55
Q

What is the mechanism of disease for inhalational anthrax?

A

Endospores germinate in lungs, secrete toxins that are absorbed by the bloodstream

56
Q

How is inhalational anthrax diagnosed?

A

Identification of bacteria in sputum

57
Q

Is there a vaccine for inhalational anthrax?

A

Anthrax vaccine for certain individuals

58
Q

What is another name for the influenza virus?

A

Orthromyxovirus

59
Q

What pathogen is responsible for influenza?

A

Influenza virus types A and B

60
Q

What are the two special pieces of proteins seen in influenza viruses type A and B?

A

Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)

61
Q

What are the two ways in which Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na) produce new strains?

A

Antigenic drift, antigenic shift

62
Q

What type of change is occurring when small changes happen to the Ha and Na pieces of the influenza virus resulting in new flu vaccines needing to be formed every year?

A

Antigenic drift

63
Q

When does the antigenic shift occur altering the influenza virus?

A

When the viruses jump between animals like birds or pigs

64
Q

What type of change occurs when brand new Ha or Na pieces result of the influenza virus?

A

Antigenic shift

65
Q

What type of viral change is the reason why influenza pandemics occur?

A

Antigenic shift (brand new Ha or Na protein pieces)

66
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation

67
Q

Flu patients are susceptible to what other conditions?

A

Secondary bacterial infections

68
Q

What does the influenza virus cause damage to?

A

Lung epithelium

69
Q

Complications of the flu usually occur among what populations?

A

Elderly, children, those with chronic diseases

70
Q

What version of the flu is considered an emerging disease?

A

H1N1 flu

71
Q

When must anti-virals be administered in a flu infection?

A

Within first 24 hours of infection

72
Q

How can the flu be prevented?

A

Cough/sneeze in elbow, handwashing

73
Q

What is important to know about the trivalent flu vaccine?

A

Protective only against the specific strains included in the vaccine of that year

74
Q

Explain the famous 1918 Spanish flu.

A

Influenza A virus H1N1 type flu resulting in a 2 year pandemic that killed over 50 million people

75
Q

Explain the famous 1957 Asian flu.

A

Influenza A virus H2N2 type flu resulting from an antigen shift between wild ducks and people that lasted one year and killed about 2 million people

76
Q

Explain the famous 1968 Hong Kong flu.

A

Started out as 1957 Asian flu then went through antigen shift in 1968 and became H3N2 which was more mild and killed about 1 million people

77
Q

Explain the famous 2003 Bird flu.

A

H5N1 type A influenza virus in Thailand found in 400 people and killed 200 of them

78
Q

Explain the famous 2009 Swine flu.

A

H1N1 type A influenza virus that has killed more than 18,000 people (believed to be an ancestor of the 1918 flu pandemic virus), and the pandemic was declared officially over in 2010

79
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Infection of the epithelium of the bronchi resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus

80
Q

About 90% of acute bronchitis is caused by what group of pathogens?

A

Viruses (rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza)

81
Q

About 10% of acute bronchitis is cause by what group of pathogens?

A

Bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis)

82
Q

When does bronchitis usually develop?

A

During the course of an URI such as the common cold or influenza

83
Q

What is the usual treatment for bronchitis?

A

Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers, antibiotics if bacterial

84
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

A

Coronavirus called SARS virus

85
Q

How is SARS virus spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

86
Q

What is the mortality rate for SARS?

A

10%

87
Q

What is the treatment/prevention for SARS?

A

There are none (supportive treatment only) but prevention by quarantine and face masks possible

88
Q

What are some significant symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus infection?

A

Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing

89
Q

What severe and fatal infection can result from respiratory syncytial virus infection?

A

Bronchiolitis

90
Q

What pathogen is responsible for respiratory syncytial virus infection?

A

RSV: respiratory syncytial virus (Pneumovirus)

91
Q

What is believed to be the most common childhood lower respiratory infection?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus infection

92
Q

How is respiratory syncytial virus infection diagnosed?

A

Immunoassay

93
Q

What is the treatment for severe bronchiolitis?

A

Supportive therapy for young children, including oxygen therapy

94
Q

Is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) dangerous?

A

Often fatal

95
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?

A

Hantavirus

96
Q

How is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome transmitted?

A

From mice via inhalation of virions in dried mouse urine or feces

97
Q

Is Hantavrius pulmonary syndrome transmitted via humans?

A

NO

98
Q

What is the treatment for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?

A

No specific treatment

99
Q

How can Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome be prevented?

A

Control of rodents

100
Q

What is croup?

A

Inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi

101
Q

What kind of cough is associated with croup?

A

“Seal-bark”

102
Q

When do most patients recover from croup?

A

Within 2 days

103
Q

What is the cause of croup most of the time?

A

Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)

104
Q

What else can cause croup besides the parainfluenza virus?

A

RSV, measles, adenovirus, and influenza

105
Q

What group of people are particularly susceptible to croup?

A

Children (usually between 3 months and 5 years of age)

106
Q

How is croup transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets and person-to-person contact

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions