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Microbiology Exam Three > Digestive System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main symptom of peptic ulcers?

A

Abdominal pain

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2
Q

Which is relieved by food: duodenal or gastric ulcers?

A

Duodenal

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3
Q

Which is exacerbated (made worse) by food?

A

Gastric ulcers

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4
Q

Which is more common: duodenal or gastric ulcers?

A

Duodenal ulcers (4X)

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5
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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6
Q

How can peptic ulcers be transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral transmission is likely

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7
Q

What emotional response can worsen ulcer symptoms?

A

Stress

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8
Q

How are peptic ulcers treated?

A

3-drug combination therapy, usually 2 antibiotics and a drug that inhibits stomach acid

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9
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by numerous bacteria

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10
Q

What situations are associated with gastroenteritis?

A

Contaminated food or water and poor living conditions

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11
Q

What are important symptoms associated with cholera?

A

Explosive watery diarrhea and vomiting, “rice-water stool”, possible death

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12
Q

What pathogen is responsible for cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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13
Q

What toxin can be produced by Vibrio cholerae?

A

Cholera toxin

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14
Q

Why is Vibrio cholerae the most common Vibrio to infect humans?

A

Only Vibrio that can survive in freshwater

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15
Q

How are humans infected with cholera?

A

Fecal-oral route by ingesting contaminated food and water

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16
Q

Where is cholera most frequently seen?

A

In communities with poor sewage and water treatment

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17
Q

How is cholera diagnosed?

A

Rice-water stools

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18
Q

How is cholera treated?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent hypovolemic shock, antibiotics to reduce production of cholera toxin

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19
Q

What is another name for shigellosis?

A

Bacillary dysentery

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20
Q

What is unique about the stools with shigellosis?

A

Blood, pus, or mucus seen

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21
Q

What pathogens are responsible for shigellosis?

A

Shigella sonnei (2/3 US)
Shigella flexneri (1/3 US)
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella boydii

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22
Q

What is the diarrhea-inducing toxin produced by the species of Shigella that cause cholera?

A

Shiga toxin

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23
Q

How is shigellosis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route by ingesting bacteria from contaminated hands or consuming contaminated cold foods or salads

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24
Q

What is the mortality rate of shigellosis?

A

20%

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25
Q

How is shigellosis treated?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacements, antibiotics

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26
Q

What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with traveler’s diarrhea?

A

Watery

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27
Q

What pathogen primarily causes traveler’s diarrhea?

A

Escherichia coli

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28
Q

What is the number one disease that E. coli tries to cause?

A

Gastroenteritis

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29
Q

How is traveler’s diarrhea most often transmitted?

A

From consumption of undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces

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30
Q

What is the treatment for traveler’s diarrhea?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

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31
Q

Why are antidiarrheal drugs not good to use to treat traveler’s diarrhea?

A

They actually prolong the symptoms

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32
Q

What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with campylobacter diarrhea?

A

Bloody and frequent

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33
Q

How long can campylobacter diarrhea last?

A

7-10 days (diarrhea happening 10+ times per day)

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34
Q

What pathogen is responsible for campylobacter diarrhea?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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35
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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36
Q

What animal group is the most common source of infection for campylobacter diarrhea?

A

Poultry

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37
Q

How can campylobacter diarrhea be prevented?

A

Proper hygiene after handling raw poultry, cooking poultry thoroughly (165 degrees)

38
Q

How is campylobacter diarrhea treated?

A

Usually resolves on its own

39
Q

What is the condition associated with antimicrobial-associated diarrhea where large sections of the colon slough off and can lead to perforation and massive internal infection by fecal bacteria?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

40
Q

When does antimicrobial-associated diarrhea become life-threatening?

A

With development of pseudomembranous colitis

41
Q

What pathogen is responsible for antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?

A

Clostridium difficile (produces 2 toxins)

42
Q

What can trigger antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?

A

Any antimicrobial

43
Q

How is antimicrobial-associated diarrhea treated?

A

Antibiotics

44
Q

How can antimicrobial-associated diarrhea be prevented?

A

Avoid unnecessary use of antimicrobials

45
Q

What can be helpful in reducting Clostridium difficile and other antibiotic-induced diarrhea?

A

Probiotics

46
Q

What two diseases make up salmonellosis?

A

Acute bacterial gastroenteritis and typhoid fever (enteric fever)

47
Q

Which disease of salmonellosis results from a foodborne infection/intoxication?

A

Acute bacterial gastroenteritis

48
Q

Which disease of salmonellosis results from bacterial invasion of the bloodstream?

A

Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

49
Q

What kind of diarrhea is seen with Salmonella food poisoning (acute bacterial gastroenteritis)?

A

Nonbloody

50
Q

What serious issue can result from typhoid fever?

A

Perforations of intestinal wall leading to peritonitis

51
Q

What pathogens are responsible for salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella enterica serotypes:
Typhoid fever = Typhi and Paratyphi
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis = Enteritidis and Typhimurium

52
Q

How is Salmonella food poisoning often acquired?

A

Consuming contaminated eggs (or poultry or inadequately pasteurized milk)

53
Q

How is typhoid fever acquired?

A

Contaminated food or water

54
Q

How is Salmonella food poisoning treated?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement (usually self-limiting)

55
Q

How is Typhoid fever treated?

A

Antibiotics

56
Q

How is Salmonellosis prevented?

A

Proper hygiene and avoiding raw eggs

57
Q

What is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis?

A

Norovirus

58
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

59
Q

What is the most common pathogen responsible for UTIs?

A

E. coli

60
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Staphylococcal food poisoning?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

61
Q

How is Staphylococcal food poisoning transmitted?

A

Eating contaminated food

62
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of Clostridial food poisoning?

A

No fever, nausea, or vomiting

63
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Clostridial food poisoning?

A

Clostridium perfringens

64
Q

How is Clostridial food poisoning usually acquired?

A

Ingestion of contaminated meat

65
Q

What is the time span for Clostridial food poisoning?

A

Fairly benign, less than 24 hours

66
Q

How can Clostridial food poisoning be prevented?

A

Refrigeration to reduce toxin formation and reheating to destroy toxins

67
Q

Yersinia food poisoning can sometimes mimic what other condition?

A

Appendicitis

68
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Yersinia food poisoning?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

69
Q

How is Yersinia food poisoning acquired?

A

Consumption of contaminated pork (undercooked)

70
Q

Yersinia food poisoning usually affects what population?

A

Kids

71
Q

How can Yersinia food poisoning be prevented?

A

Handwashing, cooking pork properly (145 degrees)

72
Q

What is another term for Bacillus cereus food poisoning?

A

Fried rice syndrome

73
Q

Fried Rice Syndrome is a mild illness similar to what other conditions?

A

S. aureus or C. perfringens food poisoning

74
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Bacillus cereus food poisoning (fried rice syndrome)?

A

Bacillus cereus

75
Q

How is Bacillus cereus food poisoning most often acquired?

A

From rice dishes that have been cooked and held at warm temperature for several hours (buffets)

76
Q

What is the most common symptom of mumps?

A

Parotitis (painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands)

77
Q

What possibly serious condition can arise in males with mumps?

A

Orchitis (inflammation of the testes that can result in sterility)

78
Q

What pathogen is responsible for mumps?

A

Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)

79
Q

What population is usually affected by mumps?

A

Unimmunized children ages 2-12

80
Q

How is mumps spread?

A

Person-to-person by respiratory droplets or by fomites contaminated with infected saliva

81
Q

What is the vaccine for mumps that has almost completely eradicated mumps in the industrialized world?

A

MMR

82
Q

What pathogens cause viral gastroenteritis?

A

Norovirus (MC), Astrovirus, and Rotavirus

83
Q

How is viral gastroenteritis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

84
Q

When do most cases of viral gastroenteritis occur?

A

Winter

85
Q

What is the treatment for viral gastroenteritis?

A

No specific treatment just fluid and electrolyte replacement

86
Q

What is the number one cause of foodborne illness in the U.S.?

A

Norovirus

87
Q

Norovirus is especially carried in what unique food?

A

Seafood like oysters

88
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis caused by Astrovirus?

A

Diarrhea but no vomiting

89
Q

Which is more mild: viral gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus or Astrovirus?

A

Astrovirus (less dehydration)

90
Q

What is the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis?

A

Rotavirus (significant cause of death in developing countries)

91
Q

Is there a vaccine for Rotavirus?

A

Yes, provides some protection

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

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