Digestive System Pt. 1 Flashcards by Rebecca Warnecke

What is the main symptom of peptic ulcers?

Abdominal pain

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Which is relieved by food: duodenal or gastric ulcers?

Duodenal

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Which is exacerbated (made worse) by food?

Gastric ulcers

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Which is more common: duodenal or gastric ulcers?

Duodenal ulcers (4X)

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What is the pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

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How can peptic ulcers be transmitted?

Fecal-oral transmission is likely

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What emotional response can worsen ulcer symptoms?

Stress

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How are peptic ulcers treated?

3-drug combination therapy, usually 2 antibiotics and a drug that inhibits stomach acid

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What is gastroenteritis?

Inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by numerous bacteria

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What situations are associated with gastroenteritis?

Contaminated food or water and poor living conditions

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What are important symptoms associated with cholera?

Explosive watery diarrhea and vomiting, “rice-water stool”, possible death

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What pathogen is responsible for cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

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What toxin can be produced by Vibrio cholerae?

Cholera toxin

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Why is Vibrio cholerae the most common Vibrio to infect humans?

Only Vibrio that can survive in freshwater

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How are humans infected with cholera?

Fecal-oral route by ingesting contaminated food and water

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Where is cholera most frequently seen?

In communities with poor sewage and water treatment

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How is cholera diagnosed?

Rice-water stools

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How is cholera treated?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent hypovolemic shock, antibiotics to reduce production of cholera toxin

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What is another name for shigellosis?

Bacillary dysentery

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What is unique about the stools with shigellosis?

Blood, pus, or mucus seen

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What pathogens are responsible for shigellosis?

Shigella sonnei (2/3 US)
Shigella flexneri (1/3 US)
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella boydii

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What is the diarrhea-inducing toxin produced by the species of Shigella that cause cholera?

Shiga toxin

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How is shigellosis transmitted?

Fecal-oral route by ingesting bacteria from contaminated hands or consuming contaminated cold foods or salads

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What is the mortality rate of shigellosis?

20%

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How is shigellosis treated?

Fluid and electrolyte replacements, antibiotics

What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with traveler's diarrhea?

Watery

What pathogen primarily causes traveler's diarrhea?

Escherichia coli

What is the number one disease that E. coli tries to cause?

Gastroenteritis

How is traveler's diarrhea most often transmitted?

From consumption of undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces

What is the treatment for traveler's diarrhea?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

Why are antidiarrheal drugs not good to use to treat traveler's diarrhea?

They actually prolong the symptoms

What is the appearance of the diarrhea seen with campylobacter diarrhea?

Bloody and frequent

How long can campylobacter diarrhea last?

7-10 days (diarrhea happening 10+ times per day)

What pathogen is responsible for campylobacter diarrhea?

Campylobacter jejuni

What is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.?

Campylobacter jejuni

What animal group is the most common source of infection for campylobacter diarrhea?

Poultry

How can campylobacter diarrhea be prevented?

Proper hygiene after handling raw poultry, cooking poultry thoroughly (165 degrees)

How is campylobacter diarrhea treated?

Usually resolves on its own

What is the condition associated with antimicrobial-associated diarrhea where large sections of the colon slough off and can lead to perforation and massive internal infection by fecal bacteria?

Pseudomembranous colitis

When does antimicrobial-associated diarrhea become life-threatening?

With development of pseudomembranous colitis

What pathogen is responsible for antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?

Clostridium difficile (produces 2 toxins)

What can trigger antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?

Any antimicrobial

How is antimicrobial-associated diarrhea treated?

Antibiotics

How can antimicrobial-associated diarrhea be prevented?

Avoid unnecessary use of antimicrobials

What can be helpful in reducting Clostridium difficile and other antibiotic-induced diarrhea?

Probiotics

What two diseases make up salmonellosis?

Acute bacterial gastroenteritis and typhoid fever (enteric fever)

Which disease of salmonellosis results from a foodborne infection/intoxication?

Acute bacterial gastroenteritis

Which disease of salmonellosis results from bacterial invasion of the bloodstream?

Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

What kind of diarrhea is seen with Salmonella food poisoning (acute bacterial gastroenteritis)?

Nonbloody

What serious issue can result from typhoid fever?

Perforations of intestinal wall leading to peritonitis

What pathogens are responsible for salmonellosis?

Salmonella enterica serotypes: Typhoid fever = Typhi and Paratyphi Acute bacterial gastroenteritis = Enteritidis and Typhimurium

How is Salmonella food poisoning often acquired?

Consuming contaminated eggs (or poultry or inadequately pasteurized milk)

How is typhoid fever acquired?

Contaminated food or water

How is Salmonella food poisoning treated?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement (usually self-limiting)

How is Typhoid fever treated?

Antibiotics

How is Salmonellosis prevented?

Proper hygiene and avoiding raw eggs

What is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis?

Norovirus

What is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis?

Campylobacter jejuni

What is the most common pathogen responsible for UTIs?

E. coli

What is the pathogen responsible for Staphylococcal food poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus

How is Staphylococcal food poisoning transmitted?

Eating contaminated food

What is unique about the symptoms of Clostridial food poisoning?

No fever, nausea, or vomiting

What pathogen is responsible for Clostridial food poisoning?

Clostridium perfringens

How is Clostridial food poisoning usually acquired?

Ingestion of contaminated meat

What is the time span for Clostridial food poisoning?

Fairly benign, less than 24 hours

How can Clostridial food poisoning be prevented?

Refrigeration to reduce toxin formation and reheating to destroy toxins

Yersinia food poisoning can sometimes mimic what other condition?

Appendicitis

What pathogen is responsible for Yersinia food poisoning?

Yersinia enterocolitica

How is Yersinia food poisoning acquired?

Consumption of contaminated pork (undercooked)

Yersinia food poisoning usually affects what population?

Kids

How can Yersinia food poisoning be prevented?

Handwashing, cooking pork properly (145 degrees)

What is another term for Bacillus cereus food poisoning?

Fried rice syndrome

Fried Rice Syndrome is a mild illness similar to what other conditions?

S. aureus or C. perfringens food poisoning

What pathogen is responsible for Bacillus cereus food poisoning (fried rice syndrome)?

Bacillus cereus

How is Bacillus cereus food poisoning most often acquired?

From rice dishes that have been cooked and held at warm temperature for several hours (buffets)

What is the most common symptom of mumps?

Parotitis (painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands)

What possibly serious condition can arise in males with mumps?

Orchitis (inflammation of the testes that can result in sterility)

What pathogen is responsible for mumps?

Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)

What population is usually affected by mumps?

Unimmunized children ages 2-12

How is mumps spread?

Person-to-person by respiratory droplets or by fomites contaminated with infected saliva

What is the vaccine for mumps that has almost completely eradicated mumps in the industrialized world?

MMR

What pathogens cause viral gastroenteritis?

Norovirus (MC), Astrovirus, and Rotavirus

How is viral gastroenteritis transmitted?

Fecal-oral route

When do most cases of viral gastroenteritis occur?

Winter

What is the treatment for viral gastroenteritis?

No specific treatment just fluid and electrolyte replacement

What is the number one cause of foodborne illness in the U.S.?

Norovirus

Norovirus is especially carried in what unique food?

Seafood like oysters

What is unique about the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis caused by Astrovirus?

Diarrhea but no vomiting

Which is more mild: viral gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus or Astrovirus?

Astrovirus (less dehydration)

What is the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis?

Rotavirus (significant cause of death in developing countries)

Is there a vaccine for Rotavirus?

Yes, provides some protection