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Microbiology Exam Three > Respiratory System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Strep throat can progress into what conditions?

A

Scarlet fever or rheumatic fever/heart disease

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2
Q

What are the purulent abscesses that cover the tonsils during strep throat?

A

Pus pockets

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3
Q

What pathogen is responsible for strep throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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4
Q

How is strep throat spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

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5
Q

When does strep throat most commonly occur?

A

Winter and spring

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6
Q

Strep throat is most common in what age range?

A

Children ages 5-15

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7
Q

Strep throat is often confused with what other condition?

A

Viral pharyngitis (cases are usually 50/50 strep throat and viral pharyngitis)

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8
Q

What treatment is recommended for strep throat, and why is it important?

A

Antibiotics (important to prevent the development of rheumatic fever/heart disease)

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9
Q

What is another name for scarlet fever?

A

Scarletina

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10
Q

Scarlet fever develops after 1-2 days of what prior condition?

A

Strep throat

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11
Q

What triggers the development of the rash associated with scarlet fever that begins on the chest and spreads across the body?

A

Pyrogenic toxins

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12
Q

What unique sign is seen in the mouth of those with scarlet fever?

A

Tongue becomes strawberry red

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13
Q

What pathogen is responsible for scarlet fever?

A

Lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes

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14
Q

Why was scarlet fever more of a serious issue long ago but not as much now?

A

Current antibiotic treatment prevents its development from strep throat

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15
Q

Pseudomembrane adhesions in the posterior throat are associated with what condition?

A

Diphtheria

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16
Q

What can occur with the pseudomembrane in serious conditions of diphtheria?

A

Occlusion of airway resulting in death by suffocation

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17
Q

What pathogen is responsible for diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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18
Q

What arrangement is seen by the pathogen responsible for diphtheria?

A

Palisade arrangement formed via snapping fission

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19
Q

What toxin is produced by corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Diphtheria toxin

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20
Q

How is diphtheria spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

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21
Q

Diphtheria is mainly symptomatic among what people?

A

Immunocompromised or nonimmune individuals

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22
Q

How is diphtheria diagnosed?

A

Pseudomembranes

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23
Q

How is diphtheria treated?

A

Antitoxin and antibiotics

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24
Q

What test was formerly used to determine immunity/susceptibility to diphtheria?

A

Schick Test (skin test)

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25
Q

What treatment is necessary in severe cases of diphtheria?

A

Blocked airways must be opened by surgery or bypassed with tracheotomy

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26
Q

How can diptheria be prevented?

A

DTaP/TDaP vaccines

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27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media and sinusitis?

A

Otitis media - pain in the ears

Sinusitis - pain and pressure of affected sinus

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28
Q

What pathogen is responsible for the majority (35%) of otitis media cases?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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29
Q

What pathogen is responsible for most cases of sinusitis?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis (10-15% of cases)

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30
Q

What pathogens have the potential to be responsible for both sinusitis and otitis media cases?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, moraxella catarrhalis

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31
Q

What pathogens can be responsible for otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, Staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis

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32
Q

What pathogens can be responsible for sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes

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33
Q

How do bacteria spread from the pharynx to the sinuses?

A

Via the throat

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34
Q

Sinusitis is more common with what group?

A

Adults

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35
Q

Otitis media is more common with what group?

A

Children

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36
Q

What is a great option of conservative care for otitis media and sinusitis?

A

Chiropractic adjustments :)

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37
Q

How is chronic otitis media sometimes treated?

A

Surgical tubes

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38
Q

Neti pots can be useful for the treatment of what respiratory microbial disease?

A

Sinusitis

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39
Q

What type of food should to be avoided while congested because of sinusitis?

A

Dairy products

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40
Q

What pathogen is the most common cause of the common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses

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41
Q

What pathogens are the second most common cause of the common cold?

A

Coronaviruses

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42
Q

What other type of virus is commonly a cause of the common cold besides rhinoviruses and coronaviruses?

A

Adenovirus

43
Q

About how many viruses are known to be able to cause the common cold?

A

Over 200

44
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

Coughing, sneezing, fomites, person-to-person contact

45
Q

Which cause of the common cold is considered highly infective?

A

Rhinoviruses

46
Q

How can the common cold be prevented?

A

Handwashing

47
Q

What good conservative treatment options for the common cold?

A

Chiropractic adjustments :) along with rest and drinking clear fluids

48
Q

What type of medication can reduce the duration of symptoms of the common cold?

A

Pleconaril (anti-viral)

49
Q

Bacterial pneumonias are most serious and most frequent amount what age group?

A

Adults

50
Q

What are bacterial pneumonias?

A

Lung inflammation accompanied by fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles

51
Q

What is the clinical term for typical pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

52
Q

Rust-colored sputum is associated with what form of pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia (typical)

53
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for typical pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the Pneumococcus)

54
Q

How does infection of pneumococcal pneumonia occur?

A

Inhalation of bacteria

55
Q

What is the term for the bacterial replication of pneumococcal pneumonia that leads to damage of the lungs?

A

Consolidation

56
Q

How is typical pneumonia usually diagnosed?

A

Chest X-ray

57
Q

What is the drug used to treat typical pneumonia?

A

Penicillin

58
Q

What is a good conservative approach for treating typical pneumonia?

A

Chiropractic adjustment :) and rest

59
Q

How can typical pneumonia be prevented?

A

Vaccine (PCV)

60
Q

What are other names for mycoplasmal pneumonia?

A

Primary atypical pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”

61
Q

Which tends to be more mild and possibly asymptomatic: typical or mycoplasmal pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasmal pneumonia

62
Q

What pathogen is responsible for primary atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

63
Q

How is mycoplasmal pneumonia spread?

A

Nasal secretions

64
Q

How is walking pneumonia treated?

A

Tetracycline and erythromycin (medically)

Chiropractic adjustment :) and rest

65
Q

Why is prevention of walking pneumonia difficult?

A

Infected individuals may be asymptomatic

66
Q

Which is associated with a HIGH fever: typical or atypical pneumonia?

A

Typical

67
Q

Which type of pneumonia occurs year-round: typical or atypical?

A

Atypical

68
Q

Typical pneumonia most often occurs during what seasons?

A

Fall and winter

69
Q

Malaise, headache, and sore throat are features of which type of pneumonia: typical or atypical?

A

Atypical

70
Q

Rapid breathing is associated with which type of pneumonia: typical or atypical?

A

Typical

71
Q

Thick, bloody sputum is associated with what type of pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

72
Q

What is the term for the thick, bloody sputum seen with Klebsiella pneumonia?

A

Currant jelly sputum

73
Q

What is the necrotizing and severe form of pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

74
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Klebsiella pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

75
Q

Who is at the greatest risk for a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection?

A

Immunocompromised

76
Q

Because of it being normal digestive respiratory microbiotia, what kind of an infection is Klebsiella pneumonia?

A

Opportunistic

77
Q

How can Klebsiella pneumonia be prevented?

A

Good aseptic technique by health care workers

78
Q

How is Klebsiella pneumonia treated?

A

Antimicrobials

79
Q

Haemophilus influenzae b and staphylococcus aureus can cause pneumonia similar to what type of pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcal (typical)

80
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by Yersinia pestis?

A

Pneumonic plague

81
Q

What conditions can be caused by chlamydophila pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonia and bronchitis

82
Q

What is another term for ornithosis?

A

Psittacosis

83
Q

What types of symptoms are seen with ornithosis?

A

Flu-like (within 10 days of exposure)

84
Q

Severe cases of ornithosis resemble what other condition?

A

Mycoplasmal pneumonia

85
Q

What pathogen is responsible for ornithosis?

A

Chlamyodophila psittaci

86
Q

Ornithosis is actually a disease of what type of animal that is then transmitted to humans?

A

Birds

87
Q

How is ornithosis transmitted?

A

Inhalation of aerosilized feces or respiratory secretion
Can be ingested from fingers or fomites
Direct beak-to-mouth contact

88
Q

What is the mortality rate of untreated ornithosis?

A

20%

89
Q

What is the mortality rate of treated ornithosis?

A

Rarely fatal

90
Q

What is the treatment for ornithosis?

A

Doxycycline for 2 weeks

91
Q

Why is the prevention of ornithosis difficult?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci is ubiquitous (present nearly everywhere)

92
Q

What is the pathogen resonsible for Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Legionella pneumophila

93
Q

What else can be caused by Legionella pneumophila besides Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Pontiac fever

94
Q

What is Pontiac fever?

A

Non-fatal flulike illness similar to Legionnaires’ disease without pneumonia

95
Q

What is the fatality rate for Legionnaires’ Disease that isn’t promptly treated?

A

20%

96
Q

How did Legionnaires’ Disease get its name?

A

Hundreds of American Legion members got severe pneumonia and 29 died in 1976

97
Q

Where does Legionella survive naturally?

A

Domestic water sources

98
Q

How do humans get Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Inhalation of the bacteria in aerosols from water sources like showers, vaporizers, hot tubs, AC systems, etc.

99
Q

What kind of individuals are at a greater risk of developing Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised

100
Q

How is Legionnaires’ Disease diagnosed?

A

Fluorescent antibody staining or serology

101
Q

What is the preferred treatment for Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Fluoroquinolone or macrolide antibiotics

102
Q

How can Legionnaires’ Disease be controlled/prevented?

A

Reducing bacterial presence in water

103
Q

What is the treatment for AIDS?

A

HAART (cocktail of antiviral drugs)

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

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