Respiratory System Pt. 1 Flashcards
Strep throat can progress into what conditions?
Scarlet fever or rheumatic fever/heart disease
What are the purulent abscesses that cover the tonsils during strep throat?
Pus pockets
What pathogen is responsible for strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
How is strep throat spread?
Respiratory droplets
When does strep throat most commonly occur?
Winter and spring
Strep throat is most common in what age range?
Children ages 5-15
Strep throat is often confused with what other condition?
Viral pharyngitis (cases are usually 50/50 strep throat and viral pharyngitis)
What treatment is recommended for strep throat, and why is it important?
Antibiotics (important to prevent the development of rheumatic fever/heart disease)
What is another name for scarlet fever?
Scarletina
Scarlet fever develops after 1-2 days of what prior condition?
Strep throat
What triggers the development of the rash associated with scarlet fever that begins on the chest and spreads across the body?
Pyrogenic toxins
What unique sign is seen in the mouth of those with scarlet fever?
Tongue becomes strawberry red
What pathogen is responsible for scarlet fever?
Lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes
Why was scarlet fever more of a serious issue long ago but not as much now?
Current antibiotic treatment prevents its development from strep throat
Pseudomembrane adhesions in the posterior throat are associated with what condition?
Diphtheria
What can occur with the pseudomembrane in serious conditions of diphtheria?
Occlusion of airway resulting in death by suffocation
What pathogen is responsible for diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What arrangement is seen by the pathogen responsible for diphtheria?
Palisade arrangement formed via snapping fission
What toxin is produced by corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Diphtheria toxin
How is diphtheria spread?
Respiratory droplets
Diphtheria is mainly symptomatic among what people?
Immunocompromised or nonimmune individuals
How is diphtheria diagnosed?
Pseudomembranes
How is diphtheria treated?
Antitoxin and antibiotics
What test was formerly used to determine immunity/susceptibility to diphtheria?
Schick Test (skin test)
What treatment is necessary in severe cases of diphtheria?
Blocked airways must be opened by surgery or bypassed with tracheotomy
How can diptheria be prevented?
DTaP/TDaP vaccines
What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media and sinusitis?
Otitis media - pain in the ears
Sinusitis - pain and pressure of affected sinus
What pathogen is responsible for the majority (35%) of otitis media cases?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What pathogen is responsible for most cases of sinusitis?
Moraxella catarrhalis (10-15% of cases)
What pathogens have the potential to be responsible for both sinusitis and otitis media cases?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, moraxella catarrhalis
What pathogens can be responsible for otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, Staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis
What pathogens can be responsible for sinusitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes
How do bacteria spread from the pharynx to the sinuses?
Via the throat
Sinusitis is more common with what group?
Adults
Otitis media is more common with what group?
Children
What is a great option of conservative care for otitis media and sinusitis?
Chiropractic adjustments :)
How is chronic otitis media sometimes treated?
Surgical tubes
Neti pots can be useful for the treatment of what respiratory microbial disease?
Sinusitis
What type of food should to be avoided while congested because of sinusitis?
Dairy products
What pathogen is the most common cause of the common cold?
Rhinoviruses
What pathogens are the second most common cause of the common cold?
Coronaviruses
What other type of virus is commonly a cause of the common cold besides rhinoviruses and coronaviruses?
Adenovirus
About how many viruses are known to be able to cause the common cold?
Over 200
How is the common cold spread?
Coughing, sneezing, fomites, person-to-person contact
Which cause of the common cold is considered highly infective?
Rhinoviruses
How can the common cold be prevented?
Handwashing
What good conservative treatment options for the common cold?
Chiropractic adjustments :) along with rest and drinking clear fluids
What type of medication can reduce the duration of symptoms of the common cold?
Pleconaril (anti-viral)
Bacterial pneumonias are most serious and most frequent amount what age group?
Adults
What are bacterial pneumonias?
Lung inflammation accompanied by fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles
What is the clinical term for typical pneumonia?
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Rust-colored sputum is associated with what form of pneumonia?
Pneumococcal pneumonia (typical)
What is the pathogen responsible for typical pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the Pneumococcus)
How does infection of pneumococcal pneumonia occur?
Inhalation of bacteria
What is the term for the bacterial replication of pneumococcal pneumonia that leads to damage of the lungs?
Consolidation
How is typical pneumonia usually diagnosed?
Chest X-ray
What is the drug used to treat typical pneumonia?
Penicillin
What is a good conservative approach for treating typical pneumonia?
Chiropractic adjustment :) and rest
How can typical pneumonia be prevented?
Vaccine (PCV)
What are other names for mycoplasmal pneumonia?
Primary atypical pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”
Which tends to be more mild and possibly asymptomatic: typical or mycoplasmal pneumonia?
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
What pathogen is responsible for primary atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
How is mycoplasmal pneumonia spread?
Nasal secretions
How is walking pneumonia treated?
Tetracycline and erythromycin (medically)
Chiropractic adjustment :) and rest
Why is prevention of walking pneumonia difficult?
Infected individuals may be asymptomatic
Which is associated with a HIGH fever: typical or atypical pneumonia?
Typical
Which type of pneumonia occurs year-round: typical or atypical?
Atypical
Typical pneumonia most often occurs during what seasons?
Fall and winter
Malaise, headache, and sore throat are features of which type of pneumonia: typical or atypical?
Atypical
Rapid breathing is associated with which type of pneumonia: typical or atypical?
Typical
Thick, bloody sputum is associated with what type of pneumonia?
Klebsiella pneumonia
What is the term for the thick, bloody sputum seen with Klebsiella pneumonia?
Currant jelly sputum
What is the necrotizing and severe form of pneumonia?
Klebsiella pneumonia
What is the pathogen responsible for Klebsiella pneumonia?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Who is at the greatest risk for a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection?
Immunocompromised
Because of it being normal digestive respiratory microbiotia, what kind of an infection is Klebsiella pneumonia?
Opportunistic
How can Klebsiella pneumonia be prevented?
Good aseptic technique by health care workers
How is Klebsiella pneumonia treated?
Antimicrobials
Haemophilus influenzae b and staphylococcus aureus can cause pneumonia similar to what type of pneumonia?
Pneumococcal (typical)
What type of pneumonia is caused by Yersinia pestis?
Pneumonic plague
What conditions can be caused by chlamydophila pneumoniae?
Pneumonia and bronchitis
What is another term for ornithosis?
Psittacosis
What types of symptoms are seen with ornithosis?
Flu-like (within 10 days of exposure)
Severe cases of ornithosis resemble what other condition?
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
What pathogen is responsible for ornithosis?
Chlamyodophila psittaci
Ornithosis is actually a disease of what type of animal that is then transmitted to humans?
Birds
How is ornithosis transmitted?
Inhalation of aerosilized feces or respiratory secretion
Can be ingested from fingers or fomites
Direct beak-to-mouth contact
What is the mortality rate of untreated ornithosis?
20%
What is the mortality rate of treated ornithosis?
Rarely fatal
What is the treatment for ornithosis?
Doxycycline for 2 weeks
Why is the prevention of ornithosis difficult?
Chlamydophila psittaci is ubiquitous (present nearly everywhere)
What is the pathogen resonsible for Legionnaires’ Disease?
Legionella pneumophila
What else can be caused by Legionella pneumophila besides Legionnaires’ Disease?
Pontiac fever
What is Pontiac fever?
Non-fatal flulike illness similar to Legionnaires’ disease without pneumonia
What is the fatality rate for Legionnaires’ Disease that isn’t promptly treated?
20%
How did Legionnaires’ Disease get its name?
Hundreds of American Legion members got severe pneumonia and 29 died in 1976
Where does Legionella survive naturally?
Domestic water sources
How do humans get Legionnaires’ Disease?
Inhalation of the bacteria in aerosols from water sources like showers, vaporizers, hot tubs, AC systems, etc.
What kind of individuals are at a greater risk of developing Legionnaires’ Disease?
Elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised
How is Legionnaires’ Disease diagnosed?
Fluorescent antibody staining or serology
What is the preferred treatment for Legionnaires’ Disease?
Fluoroquinolone or macrolide antibiotics
How can Legionnaires’ Disease be controlled/prevented?
Reducing bacterial presence in water
What is the treatment for AIDS?
HAART (cocktail of antiviral drugs)
