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Microbiology Exam Three > Digestive System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most unique symptom seen with viral hepatitis?

A

Jaundice

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2
Q

What actually causes the liver damage seen with viral hepatitis?

A

Host immune response

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3
Q

What is unique about the onset of symptoms of viral hepatitis?

A

Symptoms may occur years after initial infection

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4
Q

What are the pathogens responsible for viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis delta virus, Hepatitis E virus

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5
Q

What is unique about Hepatitis A virus’s survivability?

A

Can survive on various surfaces and is resistant to common household disinfectants

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6
Q

Does Hepatitis A cause chronic liver disease?

A

No

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7
Q

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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8
Q

Which hepatitis viruses have a vaccine?

A

A and B

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9
Q

Hepatitis B has mild symptoms, if any, but what is its serious issue?

A

Can cause severe liver damage

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10
Q

A Hepatitis B infection coinfecting with what other virus increases the risk of permanent liver damage?

A

Hepatitis D virus

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11
Q

Which hepatitis virus is associated with liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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12
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread?

A

Infected needles, sexual intercourse, passage to babies during childbirth

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13
Q

What are the symptoms like of Hepatitis C?

A

Few, if any, symptoms but a chronic infection

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14
Q

What serious issues can occur overtime with Hepatitis C?

A

Liver damage and liver failure

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15
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread?

A

Needles, organ transplants, blood transfusions, sexual activity

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16
Q

Hepatitis D virus is dependent upon which other virus?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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17
Q

Why is Hepatitis D virus dependent upon Hepatitis B virus?

A

Hepatitis D virus cannot attach to liver cells (called a satellite virus)

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18
Q

Hepatitis D plays a role in triggering what serious condition?

A

Liver cancer

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19
Q

How is Hepatitis D transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids (sexual activity and contaminated needles)

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20
Q

What is another name for Hepatitis E?

A

Enteric hepatitis

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21
Q

Hepatitis E has a fatality rate in 20% of what population?

A

Pregnant women

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22
Q

How is Hepatitis E transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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23
Q

Where has the vaccine for Hepatitis E been approved?

A

China in April of 2012

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24
Q

How is hepatitis diagnosed?

A

Initially by jaundice, enlarged liver, or ascites but officially by serological testings

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25
What are the most common forms of hepatitis?
B and C
26
How can hepatitis be prevented?
Good hygiene and protected sex/abstinence
27
What is another name for Giardiasis?
Beaver Fever
28
What is unique about the stools with Giardiasis?
Rotten egg smelling
29
What pathogen is responsible for Giardiasis?
Giardia intestinalis (aka G. lamblia, G. duodenalis)
30
Where is Giardia intestinalis naturally found?
Intestinal tracts of animals and in the environment
31
What kind of disease of Giardiasis?
Protozoan
32
What is one of the most common waterborne gastrointestinal diseases in the U.S. discussed?
Giardiasis
33
How is Giardiasis acquired?
Ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming
34
Can water containing cysts that could cause giardiasis be inhaled?
Yes, only an issue when ingested
35
What group is particularly at risk for developing giardiasis?
Hikers and campers and their pets because wild animals shed Giardia into mountain streams
36
How can giardiasis be prevented?
Humans nor pets should drink unfiltered stream or river water
37
If infected with giardiasis, what activity should be avoided?
Swimming to ensure no parasites are shed into the water
38
What is another name for Cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium enteritis
39
How long can diarrhea last with Cryptosporidiosis?
Up to 2 weeks
40
What pathogen is responsible for Cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium parvum
41
How is Cryptosporidiosis acquired?
Drinking contaminated water or sometimes fecal-oral transmission (ex. day care)
42
What kind of amebiasis is asymptomatic and represents 90% of all cases?
Luminal amebiasis
43
What kind of amebiasis causes severe diarrhea, colitis, and can also lead to apendicitis?
Invasive amebic dysentery
44
What kind of amebiasis causes necrotic lesions in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, or brain?
Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
45
What pathogen is responsible for amebiasis?
Entamoeba histolytica
46
How is amebiasis acquired?
Ingestion of cysts through contaminated food/water, hands, or oral-anal intercourse
47
In what areas is amebiasis more prevalent?
Where human feces is used as fertilizer and water purification is inadequate
48
What pathogen is responsible for Cyclosporiasis?
Cyclospora cayetanensis
49
How is Cyclosporiasis acquired?
Ingestion of oocysts in contaminated food or drink
50
Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis has been linked to what food that is imported from Central and South America?
Raspberries
51
What is the treatment for cyclosporiasis?
Combination drugs for 7 days
52
How can cyclosporiasis be prevented?
Washing fruits and vegetables to prevent infection or cooking/freezing to kill oocysts
53
What is unique about the symptoms of tapeworm?
Usually asymptomatic but weight loss is generally visible
54
What serious condition can result if a tapeworm is exceptionally large?
Intestinal blockage
55
What pathogen is responsible for beef tapeworm?
Taenia saginata
56
What pathogen is responsible for pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
57
How is tapeworm acquired?
Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing cysts
58
How is tapeworm diagnosed?
Presence of proglottids in fecal sample
59
What is the name of the tapeworm derived from fish?
Diphyllobothriasis
60
What is unique about the symptoms of diphyllobothriasis?
80% of cases are asymptomatic and can go years without being detected
61
In a small number of cases, what deficiencies can result from fish tapeworm?
Vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia
62
What pathogen is responsible for fish tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
63
Diphyllobothrium latum is native to what locations?
Scandinavia, Russia, and the Baltics (but now is present in North America)
64
How is diphyllobothriasis acquired?
Consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish like walleye pike, salmon, trout, minnows, or perch
65
Canine tapeworm larvae travel throughout the body and produce what structures?
Hydatid cysts (can calcify and enlarge to the size of a grapefruit)
66
In what organ are hydatid cysts usually formed by canine tapeworm larvae?
Liver
67
What pathogen is responsible for canine tapeworm?
Echinococcus granulosus
68
How is canine tapeworm diagnosed?
X-ray, MRI, CT for presence of calcifications
69
How is canine tapeworm treated?
Surgery to remove cysts, antihelminthic drugs
70
How can ascariasis be lethal?
Complete intestinal blockage possible
71
What kind of pulmonary signs can be seen with ascariasis?
Dry cough, difficulty breathing, blood sputum
72
What pathogen is responsible for ascariasis?
Ascaris lumbricoides
73
What is the largest nematode known to infect humans?
Ascaris lumbricoides (as large as 30cm/12in in length)
74
Where is ascariasis endemic in the U.S.?
Rural southeast
75
What is the most common nematode infection of humans worldwide?
Ascariasis
76
How are eggs of Ascaris lumbricoided ingested by humans?
In water or on vegetables
77
How is ascariasis diagnosed?
Eggs in stool, larvae in sputum, or adult worms passed in stool or exiting via nose/mouth
78
When is surgery required in treating ascariasis?
If intestinal blockage occurs
79
What deficiencies can result from hookworm?
Anemia, iron, and protein deficiencies from the adult worms sucking the blood of the host
80
What reaction occurs at the site of larvae penetration of hookworm?
Ground itch
81
What types of hookworm can infect humans?
Ancylostoma duodenale | Necator americanus
82
On what location of the body do hookworm larvae usually penetrate the skin during transmission?
Foot
83
What is the second most common nematode affecting humans worldwide?
Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)
84
How can hookworm be prevented?
Wearing shoes in endemic areas
85
What is the characteristic symptom/sign of pinworm?
Perianal itching
86
What is the pathogen responsible for pinworm?
Enterobius vermicularis (nematode)
87
Pinworm usually affected what population?
Children
88
When are pinworm eggs deposited in the perianal region?
At night
89
How can pinworm be spread?
On bedding and person-to-person contact after scratching
90
What is the most common parasitic worm infestation in the U.S.?
Pinworm
91
What is another name for Dracunculiasis?
Guinea worm disease
92
After about a year of infection, the worm involved with Dracunculiasis forms a blister that breaks open on what area of the body?
Usually the foot
93
What is the pathogen responsible for Dracunculiasis?
Dracunculus medinensis
94
How do humans acquire dracunculiasis?
Drinking unfiltered water containing copepods (small crustaceans) that have been infected with Dracunculus medinensis larvae
95
Where is dracunculiasis typically found?
Africa and India
96
What is the treatment for dracunculiasis?
Winding the worm out on a stick over a period or hours to weeks
97
What symbol is associated with dracunculiasis?
The Rod of Asclepius, a modern symbol of medicine
98
What is another name for trichinosis?
Trichinellosis
99
What kinds of symptoms are presented with trichinosis?
Muscle pain and weakness
100
How does trichinosis infect the body?
Trichinella larvae encased in a cyst is swallowed, digestive juices dissolve the cyst, and the parasite is released into the intestines and enter the bloodstream
101
What is the pathogen responsible for trichinosis?
Trichinella spiralis
102
How do humans become infected with trichinosis?
Eating undercooked meat containing cysts of T. spiralis (especially pork)
103
Why is trichinosis uncommon in the U.S.?
Food regulations (USDA approved meat is okay)

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

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