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Microbiology Exam Three > Digestive System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most unique symptom seen with viral hepatitis?

A

Jaundice

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2
Q

What actually causes the liver damage seen with viral hepatitis?

A

Host immune response

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3
Q

What is unique about the onset of symptoms of viral hepatitis?

A

Symptoms may occur years after initial infection

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4
Q

What are the pathogens responsible for viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis delta virus, Hepatitis E virus

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5
Q

What is unique about Hepatitis A virus’s survivability?

A

Can survive on various surfaces and is resistant to common household disinfectants

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6
Q

Does Hepatitis A cause chronic liver disease?

A

No

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7
Q

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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8
Q

Which hepatitis viruses have a vaccine?

A

A and B

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9
Q

Hepatitis B has mild symptoms, if any, but what is its serious issue?

A

Can cause severe liver damage

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10
Q

A Hepatitis B infection coinfecting with what other virus increases the risk of permanent liver damage?

A

Hepatitis D virus

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11
Q

Which hepatitis virus is associated with liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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12
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread?

A

Infected needles, sexual intercourse, passage to babies during childbirth

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13
Q

What are the symptoms like of Hepatitis C?

A

Few, if any, symptoms but a chronic infection

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14
Q

What serious issues can occur overtime with Hepatitis C?

A

Liver damage and liver failure

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15
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread?

A

Needles, organ transplants, blood transfusions, sexual activity

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16
Q

Hepatitis D virus is dependent upon which other virus?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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17
Q

Why is Hepatitis D virus dependent upon Hepatitis B virus?

A

Hepatitis D virus cannot attach to liver cells (called a satellite virus)

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18
Q

Hepatitis D plays a role in triggering what serious condition?

A

Liver cancer

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19
Q

How is Hepatitis D transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids (sexual activity and contaminated needles)

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20
Q

What is another name for Hepatitis E?

A

Enteric hepatitis

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21
Q

Hepatitis E has a fatality rate in 20% of what population?

A

Pregnant women

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22
Q

How is Hepatitis E transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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23
Q

Where has the vaccine for Hepatitis E been approved?

A

China in April of 2012

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24
Q

How is hepatitis diagnosed?

A

Initially by jaundice, enlarged liver, or ascites but officially by serological testings

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25
Q

What are the most common forms of hepatitis?

A

B and C

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26
Q

How can hepatitis be prevented?

A

Good hygiene and protected sex/abstinence

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27
Q

What is another name for Giardiasis?

A

Beaver Fever

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28
Q

What is unique about the stools with Giardiasis?

A

Rotten egg smelling

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29
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Giardiasis?

A

Giardia intestinalis (aka G. lamblia, G. duodenalis)

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30
Q

Where is Giardia intestinalis naturally found?

A

Intestinal tracts of animals and in the environment

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31
Q

What kind of disease of Giardiasis?

A

Protozoan

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32
Q

What is one of the most common waterborne gastrointestinal diseases in the U.S. discussed?

A

Giardiasis

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33
Q

How is Giardiasis acquired?

A

Ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming

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34
Q

Can water containing cysts that could cause giardiasis be inhaled?

A

Yes, only an issue when ingested

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35
Q

What group is particularly at risk for developing giardiasis?

A

Hikers and campers and their pets because wild animals shed Giardia into mountain streams

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36
Q

How can giardiasis be prevented?

A

Humans nor pets should drink unfiltered stream or river water

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37
Q

If infected with giardiasis, what activity should be avoided?

A

Swimming to ensure no parasites are shed into the water

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38
Q

What is another name for Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Cryptosporidium enteritis

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39
Q

How long can diarrhea last with Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Up to 2 weeks

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40
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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41
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis acquired?

A

Drinking contaminated water or sometimes fecal-oral transmission (ex. day care)

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42
Q

What kind of amebiasis is asymptomatic and represents 90% of all cases?

A

Luminal amebiasis

43
Q

What kind of amebiasis causes severe diarrhea, colitis, and can also lead to apendicitis?

A

Invasive amebic dysentery

44
Q

What kind of amebiasis causes necrotic lesions in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, or brain?

A

Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis

45
Q

What pathogen is responsible for amebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

46
Q

How is amebiasis acquired?

A

Ingestion of cysts through contaminated food/water, hands, or oral-anal intercourse

47
Q

In what areas is amebiasis more prevalent?

A

Where human feces is used as fertilizer and water purification is inadequate

48
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Cyclosporiasis?

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

49
Q

How is Cyclosporiasis acquired?

A

Ingestion of oocysts in contaminated food or drink

50
Q

Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis has been linked to what food that is imported from Central and South America?

A

Raspberries

51
Q

What is the treatment for cyclosporiasis?

A

Combination drugs for 7 days

52
Q

How can cyclosporiasis be prevented?

A

Washing fruits and vegetables to prevent infection or cooking/freezing to kill oocysts

53
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of tapeworm?

A

Usually asymptomatic but weight loss is generally visible

54
Q

What serious condition can result if a tapeworm is exceptionally large?

A

Intestinal blockage

55
Q

What pathogen is responsible for beef tapeworm?

A

Taenia saginata

56
Q

What pathogen is responsible for pork tapeworm?

A

Taenia solium

57
Q

How is tapeworm acquired?

A

Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing cysts

58
Q

How is tapeworm diagnosed?

A

Presence of proglottids in fecal sample

59
Q

What is the name of the tapeworm derived from fish?

A

Diphyllobothriasis

60
Q

What is unique about the symptoms of diphyllobothriasis?

A

80% of cases are asymptomatic and can go years without being detected

61
Q

In a small number of cases, what deficiencies can result from fish tapeworm?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia

62
Q

What pathogen is responsible for fish tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

63
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum is native to what locations?

A

Scandinavia, Russia, and the Baltics (but now is present in North America)

64
Q

How is diphyllobothriasis acquired?

A

Consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish like walleye pike, salmon, trout, minnows, or perch

65
Q

Canine tapeworm larvae travel throughout the body and produce what structures?

A

Hydatid cysts (can calcify and enlarge to the size of a grapefruit)

66
Q

In what organ are hydatid cysts usually formed by canine tapeworm larvae?

A

Liver

67
Q

What pathogen is responsible for canine tapeworm?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

68
Q

How is canine tapeworm diagnosed?

A

X-ray, MRI, CT for presence of calcifications

69
Q

How is canine tapeworm treated?

A

Surgery to remove cysts, antihelminthic drugs

70
Q

How can ascariasis be lethal?

A

Complete intestinal blockage possible

71
Q

What kind of pulmonary signs can be seen with ascariasis?

A

Dry cough, difficulty breathing, blood sputum

72
Q

What pathogen is responsible for ascariasis?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

73
Q

What is the largest nematode known to infect humans?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (as large as 30cm/12in in length)

74
Q

Where is ascariasis endemic in the U.S.?

A

Rural southeast

75
Q

What is the most common nematode infection of humans worldwide?

A

Ascariasis

76
Q

How are eggs of Ascaris lumbricoided ingested by humans?

A

In water or on vegetables

77
Q

How is ascariasis diagnosed?

A

Eggs in stool, larvae in sputum, or adult worms passed in stool or exiting via nose/mouth

78
Q

When is surgery required in treating ascariasis?

A

If intestinal blockage occurs

79
Q

What deficiencies can result from hookworm?

A

Anemia, iron, and protein deficiencies from the adult worms sucking the blood of the host

80
Q

What reaction occurs at the site of larvae penetration of hookworm?

A

Ground itch

81
Q

What types of hookworm can infect humans?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

Necator americanus

82
Q

On what location of the body do hookworm larvae usually penetrate the skin during transmission?

A

Foot

83
Q

What is the second most common nematode affecting humans worldwide?

A

Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

84
Q

How can hookworm be prevented?

A

Wearing shoes in endemic areas

85
Q

What is the characteristic symptom/sign of pinworm?

A

Perianal itching

86
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for pinworm?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (nematode)

87
Q

Pinworm usually affected what population?

A

Children

88
Q

When are pinworm eggs deposited in the perianal region?

A

At night

89
Q

How can pinworm be spread?

A

On bedding and person-to-person contact after scratching

90
Q

What is the most common parasitic worm infestation in the U.S.?

A

Pinworm

91
Q

What is another name for Dracunculiasis?

A

Guinea worm disease

92
Q

After about a year of infection, the worm involved with Dracunculiasis forms a blister that breaks open on what area of the body?

A

Usually the foot

93
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Dracunculiasis?

A

Dracunculus medinensis

94
Q

How do humans acquire dracunculiasis?

A

Drinking unfiltered water containing copepods (small crustaceans) that have been infected with Dracunculus medinensis larvae

95
Q

Where is dracunculiasis typically found?

A

Africa and India

96
Q

What is the treatment for dracunculiasis?

A

Winding the worm out on a stick over a period or hours to weeks

97
Q

What symbol is associated with dracunculiasis?

A

The Rod of Asclepius, a modern symbol of medicine

98
Q

What is another name for trichinosis?

A

Trichinellosis

99
Q

What kinds of symptoms are presented with trichinosis?

A

Muscle pain and weakness

100
Q

How does trichinosis infect the body?

A

Trichinella larvae encased in a cyst is swallowed, digestive juices dissolve the cyst, and the parasite is released into the intestines and enter the bloodstream

101
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for trichinosis?

A

Trichinella spiralis

102
Q

How do humans become infected with trichinosis?

A

Eating undercooked meat containing cysts of T. spiralis (especially pork)

103
Q

Why is trichinosis uncommon in the U.S.?

A

Food regulations (USDA approved meat is okay)

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

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