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Microbiology Exam Three > Genitourinary System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Genitourinary System Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What location of pain is seen in females with a UTI?

A

Pelvic pain

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2
Q

What location of pain is seen in males with a UTI?

A

Rectal

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3
Q

“Cola-colored” urine is an indicator or what condition?

A

UTI (small amounts of blood in the urine)

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4
Q

What bacteria is responsible for the majority of UTI cases (80-85%)?

A

Escherichia coli

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5
Q

What pathogens can be responsible for UTIs?

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Morganella morganii, Serratia maracescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter

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6
Q

How are UTIs acquired?

A

Self-inoculation of fecal bacteria into the urethra

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7
Q

What is the most common nosocomial source of a UTI?

A

Urinary catheters

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8
Q

What food is effective at preventing the spread of fecal bacteria into the urethra therefore preventing UTIs?

A

Cranberries

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9
Q

What is Weil’s disease?

A

Severe infection of leptospirosis

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10
Q

What pathogen is responsible for leptospirosis?

A

Leptospira interrogans

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11
Q

How is leptospirosis usually transmitted?

A

Direct contact between urine droplets or urine contaminated water into the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, mouth, or abraded skin

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12
Q

What condition represents a sudden appearance of proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and edema?

A

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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13
Q

What serious condition can arise in adults with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Irreversible kidney damage

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14
Q

What pathogen is responsible for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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15
Q

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is more common among what groups?

A

Children and elderly

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16
Q

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis develops about 10-14 days after what kind of infection?

A

Strep throat infection

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A

Extremely low blood pressure, confusion, severe red rash, loss of sheets of skin

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18
Q

What pathogen is responsible for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A

Staph aureus

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19
Q

What condition does staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome mimic in its appearance?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (occurs in babies)

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20
Q

What population is most at risk for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A

Menstruating females (due to tampon use)

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21
Q

Is STSS a serious issue?

A

Yes, a medical emergency

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22
Q

Describe the vaginal discharge associated with bacterial vaginosis.

A

White with a fishy odor

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23
Q

What pathogen is responsible for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Multiple anaerobic bacteria

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24
Q

What kinds of activities are associated with bacterial vaginosis?

A

Vaginal douching, multiple sex partners

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25
Q

Is bacteria vaginosis sexually transmitted?

A

No

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26
Q

What are other names for a vaginal yeast infection?

A

Vaginal candidiasis, fungal vaginitis

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27
Q

What are the classic signs and symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection?

A

Severe vaginal itching and burning, white and odor-free vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance

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28
Q

What pathogen is responsible for vaginal yeast infections?

A

Candida albicans (normal flora of skin and mucous membranes)

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29
Q

Candida overgrows in what situations?

A

Vaginal pH or microbiota changes

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30
Q

Vaginal yeast infections are often secondary to what kind of treatment?

A

Antibiotics

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31
Q

How can a vaginal yeast infection be prevented?

A

Avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, use probiotics when taking antibiotics

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32
Q

What group is most at risk for sexually transmitted diseases or infections?

A

Females adolescents

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33
Q

STDs with lesions present a greater risk of developing what infection?

A

HIV

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34
Q

What is another name for gonorrhea?

A

Clap

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35
Q

In which gender do we see painful urination and pus filled discharge?

A

Males

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36
Q

In which gender is gonorrhea usually asymptomatic?

A

Females

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37
Q

What disease can be triggered by gonorrhea in females?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

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38
Q

What pathogen is responsible for gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the Gonococcus)

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39
Q

What are classic signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection?

A

Persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation when urinating, passage of small amounts of urine, cloudy and/or bright pink urine

40
Q

Gonorrhea is more common in what gender?

A

Females (even though they’re more likely to be asymptomatic)

41
Q

Gonorrhea is more common among what race?

A

Blacks (19X)

42
Q

What is the chance of a female getting infected with gonorrhea during a single sexual encounter?

A

50%

43
Q

What is the chance of a male getting infected with gonorrhea during a single sexual encounter?

A

20%

44
Q

What pathogen is responsible for chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

45
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Asymptomatic in females

Painful urination and pus discharges in males

46
Q

What is the infective form of chlamydia produced during reproduction?

A

Elementary bodies

47
Q

What is the reproductive form of chlamydia formed during reproduction?

A

Reticulate bodies

48
Q

What is the most common reportable STD in the U.S.?

A

Chlamydia

49
Q

Infection of chlamydia increases what risk in adolescence?

A

Cervical cancer

50
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum is most common among what gender and in what location?

A

Males in Central and South America

51
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

52
Q

What are the symptoms of lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Chronic infection of the lymphatic system that causes genital lesion and bubo in the groin

53
Q

What gender is more likely to be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia?

A

Females

54
Q

What are other names for granuloma inguinale?

A

Donovanosis, granuloma genitoingunale, granuloma venereum

55
Q

What lesion is seen with granuloma inguinale?

A

Beefy red lesion

56
Q

What pathogen is responsible for granuloma inguinale?

A

Klebsiella granulomatis

57
Q

What is the primary characteristic sign/symptom of syphilis?

A

Painless, reddened chancre usually one external genitalia

58
Q

What is the secondary characteristic sign/symptoms of syphilis?

A

Widespread rash

59
Q

The majority of syphilis cases don’t get past what stage?

A

Latent stage

60
Q

What are the symptoms of syphilis during the latent stage?

A

None (clinically inactive)

61
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of the tertiary stage of syphilis that occurs in 1/3 cases?

A

Dementia and gummas (rubbery, painful lesions that occur in bones, nerve tissue, or skin)

62
Q

What pathogen is responsible for syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum pallidum

63
Q

What is used to treat all cases of syphilis except tertiary syphilis?

A

Penicillin G

64
Q

Why is syphilis a serious issue for pregnant women?

A

Can pass to child and result in death if in primary or secondary stages or mental retardation and defects in the latent stage

65
Q

What are the signs of chancroid?

A

Soft chancres (genital ulcers)

66
Q

Signs of chancroid are more prevalent in which gender?

A

Males because ulceration is more painful and visible

67
Q

Chancres of which disease are painless: syphilis or chancroid?

A

Syphilis

68
Q

Chancres of which disease are painful: syphilis or chancroid?

A

Chancroid

69
Q

What pathogen is responsible for chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

70
Q

What is the reason for most of the U.S. cases of chancroid?

A

Foreign travel

71
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for genital herpes?

A

Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2)

72
Q

Where does the Human herpesvirus 2 reside when latent?

A

Sacral ganglia

73
Q

Genital herpes quadruples the risk of what infection?

A

HIV

74
Q

When is genital herpes able to be spread?

A

Whether lesions are present or not

75
Q

How is genital hopes diagnosed?

A

Characteristic lesions

76
Q

What is the treatment for genital herpes?

A

Antiviral medications lessen frequency/duration of symptoms but do not cure

77
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for genital warts?

A

Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)

78
Q

In which sexually transmitted disease do we see cauliflower-like growths called condylomata acuminata?

A

Genital warts

79
Q

What is the most common cancer associated with HPV in women?

A

Cervical cancer

80
Q

What is the most common cancer associated with HPV in men?

A

Oropharyngeal cancers

81
Q

What is the most common STD in the U.S.?

A

Genital warts

82
Q

About how many different types of HPV are sexually transmitted?

A

30

83
Q

Is AIDS a disease?

A

No, technically a syndrome

84
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

85
Q

Which type of HIV is more prevalent in the U.S. and Europe?

A

HIV-1

86
Q

Where is HIV-2 prevalent?

A

West Africa

87
Q

Is being HIV positive the same as having AIDS?

A

No

88
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids like semen, blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions

89
Q

What blood tests are able to detect antibodies against HIV?

A

ELISA/Western Blot

90
Q

What is the appearance of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

Bluish-red or purple bumps on the skin

91
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Human Herpes Virus 8

92
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma is common among what group of people?

A

Immunocompromised (examples = AIDS patients)

93
Q

In which STD are males more asymptomatic, and females present with vaginal discharge and vaginal irritation?

A

Trichomoniasis

94
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

95
Q

What kind of pathogen is Trichomoniasis vaginalis?

A

Protozoan

96
Q

What is the most common curable STD in women?

A

Trichomoniasis

97
Q

Trichomoniasis increases the risk of what infection?

A

HIV

Microbiology Exam Three (6 decks)

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