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Fall 2020 Advanced Patho > Respiratory System Normal Function > Flashcards

Respiratory System Normal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Internal (Cellular Respiration)- The Whole Point

Intracellular Respiration: AKA _____ ______ refers to the utilization of ___ and energy substrates (____) to produce energy in the form of (2), (1) is a byproduct

IS THE PURPOSE OF _______ _______

A

Cellular Metabolism, O2 and Food -> energy in form of ATP and Heat, CO2 byproduct

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

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2
Q

External Respiration

=

External Respiration is there to meet the needs of Internal Respiration

A

Delivery of O2 from external environment to the site of cellular respiration and the removal of CO2 from site of cellular respiration into external environment

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3
Q

General Anatomy of Thoracic Cavity

Superior Margin:

Inferior Margin:

Encased by (2)

A

Clavicles

Diaphragm

Rib Cage and Diaphragm on bottom

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4
Q

Air Tight Seal

Purpose:

  • (1): lines cavity of each lung (sits against lung tissue)
  • (1): Membrane that sits against thoracic cavity wall and diaphragm
  • (1): Fluid that sits between these two membranes
A

To create a lower pressure than atomospheric and abdominal - critical in maintaining inflation of lungs and breathing

  • Visceral Pleura
  • Parietal Pleura
  • Intrapleural Fluid
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5
Q

General Anatomy

  • Airway Flow =
    • (1): Largest main airway that’s supported by (1)
    • (1): voice box
    • (1): lose rings of cartilage and have smooth muscle surrounding walls
A

Mouth and Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> bifurcates into right and left bronchus -> Bronchioles -> Terminal bronchiole -> Respiratory Bronchiole -> Alveoli

  • Trachea, rings of cartilage
  • Larynx
  • Bronchioles
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6
Q

Bronchioles

  • (1): last bronchiole before gas exchange
  • (1): where gas exchange starts (have some alveoli coming out of it)
  • Site of Gas Exchange:
A
  • Terminal Bronchiole
  • Respiratory Bronchiole
  • Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveolar Sacs (specifically at pulmonary capillaries)
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7
Q

Alveolar Microanatomy

  • (1): Composed of flat endothelial cells that form wall of capillary, contain ___ (around same diameter - keeping it close to cap wall to minimize ____ ____)
  • Type I Alveolar Cell:
  • Type II Alveolar Cell:
  • Alveolar Macrophage:
A
  • Pulmonary Capillary: RBCs - minimize diffusion distance
  • Pink flat cells that form walls of alveolar sacs
  • responsible for producing Pulmonary Surfactant (substance that acs as detergent: reduces surface tension of water vapor (that likes to stick together) in alveolar sacs - prevents collapse
  • Phagocytizes any inhaled debris, dust, pathogenic organisms
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8
Q

Gas Exchange

Movement of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar and capillary walls

  • Accomplished via?
  • The direction of diffusion determined by?
A
  • Passive Diffusion
  • Partial Pressure Gradients: measure of concentration of gas
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9
Q

Mixture of Gases in Atmospheric Air

Atmospheric Pressure =

79% _____

21% _____

Trace amounts of __, __, and other ____

A

760mmHg (total pressure at sea lvl)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

CO2, H20, gases

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10
Q

Partial Pressure of Gases That Make up Atmospheric Air

  • Partial Pressure of N2 in Atmospheric air: PN2 = 760 x 0.79 = ____ mmHg
  • Partial Pressure of O2 in Atmospheric air: PO2 = 760 x 0.21 = ____ mmHg
  • PCO2 = ____ mmHg (so small bc like we said there are only trace amounts)
A
  • 600
  • 160
  • 0.03
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11
Q

Air in Lungs is Humidified

​PH2O =

PN2 =

PO2 =

  • Since we are trying to get oxygen from alveolar space into the blood: partial pressure of O2 in alveolar space must be ____ than partial pressure of O2 in blood at site of gas exchange
  • O2 mixes with ____ ____ after inhalation -> dilutes air that we take in -> ___ PN2 and PO2
A

47

563 (from 600)

150 (from 160)

  • higher
  • water vapor -> decreases PN2 and PO2
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12
Q

Partial Pressure of Air in Alveoli

PO2 in Alveoli =

Less than __% of air in alveolar space is fresh air

  • Air that comes in gets ____ by air that was taken in by previous breaths -> and that air going to have higher __ concentration bc it moves from blood into alveolar space
  • Advantage of 15% turnover is air in the alveoli remains at 100mmHg whether you are breathing restfully in or out so at all time periods oxygenation in alveolar sacs is ____ -> gas exchange can happening at all times
    • If you hold your breath for long period of time PO2 can go ___ (won’t go down in a few secs)
    • If your exercise PO2 in alveolar sacs can go __
A

100

15%

  • diluted, high CO2
  • stable
    • down
    • up
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13
Q

Partial Pressure Gradient for Oxygen

Alveolar PO2 constant from inhalation to exhalation bc (2)

Partial Pressure Gradient = __ mmHg

  • PO2: ____ (outside) -> ____ (in airways) -> _____ (in alveoli)
  • PO2 of deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary space = __
  • PO2 of oxygenated blood going back to heart through pulmonary vein = __
A
  1. only 15% “Fresh air”
  2. O2 diffusing into blood

60 mmHg

  • 160 -> 150 -> 100
  • 40
  • 100
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14
Q

Partial Pressure Gradient for Carbon Dioxide

  • PCO2 in deoxygenated blood = ___
  • PCO2 in alveolar space = ___
  • PCO2 of oxygenated blood going back to the heart = ___
  • Partial Pressure Gradient = ___

So why does our body hold onto more CO2 then the amount in the environment?

A
  • 46
  • 40
  • 40
  • 6

To maintain healthy pH balance

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15
Q

Aspects of the Diffusion Barrier

Diffusion during gas exchange is governed by the following relationship:

Amount of gas transported = _____/_____ x _____

  • 3 aspects of ficks law
    • increased SA -> _____ diffusion
    • increased Partial Pressure -> _____ diffusion
    • increased thickness of barrier -> _____ diffusion
  • Lungs are highly _____ to maximize diffusion based on these factors
A

Surface Area/Thickness of Diffusion Barrier X (partial pressure gadient)

  • Fick’s Law
    • increased
    • increased
    • decreased
  • adapted
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16
Q

Surface Area Available for Gas Exchange

Total SA of lungs = ___ m2

Compared to SA of ___ m2 if lungs were just hollow sacs of air

  • So big due to ______/anatomy of lungs: ____ pattern of airway branches into smaller and smaller branches then alveolar sacs
A

75m2 (size of tennis court)

  1. 01m2
    * arrangement: branch pattern
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17
Q

Thickness of Diffusion Barrier

  • Thickness of diffusion barrier is very ____ in pulmonary system
  • Total thickness of this barrier = ___ micrometers (50x thinner than paper)
  • List of everything that stands between blood and alveoli (6)
A
  • small
  • 0.5
  1. Layer of surfactant
  2. Alveolar epithelial cell
  3. Interstitial space
  4. Capillary endothelial cell
  5. Plasma
  6. RBC membrane
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18
Q

Alteration Diffusion

  • Examples of Altered
    • Surface Area (1)
    • Thickness of Diffusion Barrier (1)
    • Partial Pressure Gradient
      • Decreased Atmospheric PO2 (_____)
      • Decreased ____ of O2 to alveoli
A
  • Reduced # of functional alveoli
  • Thickening from Scar Tissue
    • Altitude
    • Delivery of O2
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19
Q

Oxygen Carriage by Blood - Gas Transport

Oxygen is carried by blood in one of two ways + what percentage?

(2)

A
  1. 1.5% Physically Dissolved in Plasma (O2 is very poorly soluble in plasma)
  2. 98% Chemically Bound to Hemoglobin
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

  • Hemoglobin (Hb) is a large intracellular ____ - RBCs
    • ____ subunits each with a ____ containing ____-group
  • Each heme-group can _____ bind one O2 molecule
    • One hemoglobin can carry up to ___ O2 molecules
  • ______ = when unbound to oxygen
  • _____ = when bound to oxygen
A
  • protein
    • 4 subunits, iron containing Heme-group
  • reversibly
    • 4
  • Deoxyhemoglobin
  • Oxyhemoglobin
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21
Q

Structure of Hemoglobin Protein

  • (1): Upper Chains
  • (1): Lower Chains
  • (1): that contains iron: in center of each unit that acts as ____ sites of oxygen
  • 4xO2 = _____ Hgb
    • And once one O2 binds to Hgb it alters the ____ of Hb to ____ bind to last 3 so you ____ find unsaturated Hb -> and vice versa if one comes off then the rest easily come off too
A
  • Beta Chains
  • Alpha Chains
  • Heme Group - iron -> binding sites of oxygen
  • Saturated Hb
    • ​structure, easily, rarely find unsaturated
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22
Q

Hemoglobin Oxygen Binding

The main factor that determines the binding of O2 to Hb is the ___

  • When all 4 O2 binding sites on Hb are occupied, Hb is ____ _____

The % of Hb saturation is determined by the ___ of blood

  • This relationship is simply a matter of ___ ____
    • Hb + O2 <-> HbO2

The relationship between PO2 and %Hb saturation is NOT _____

A

PO2

  • fully saturated

PO2

  • Mass Action

NOT LINEAR

PO2 (partial pressure of O2 in plasma) is the main factor that determines binding of O2 to hemoglobin - bc determines the amount of O2 actually available to actually bind to Hgb

Is a reversible reaction: when there is low O2, oxyhemoglobin tends to unbind from O2

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23
Q

Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

  • At _____ levels of blood PO2, relationship is much more steep
  • Upper levels of blood PO2, relationship is more ____

This difference is highly adapted for Hb’s Job

  • Hb job in the lungs is to bind to O2, so under conditions of high PO2 in ____ capillaries it binds to O2 very tightly and doesn’t let go as it leaves the lungs, when it gets to tissues it readily ____ of O2
    • Pulmonary Cap PO2 __-__
    • Systemic Cap PO2 ~__
A
  • lower
  • flat
  • pulm cap tightly, in tissues lets go
    • 95-100
    • ~40
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24
Q

Local Metabolic Changes also affect %Hb Saturation

  • Right Shift Curve when ____ Metabolic Activity
    • ​CO2 =
    • Acidity =
    • Temperature =
    • Result:
  • Left Shift Curve when _____ Metabolic Activity
    • ​CO2 =
    • Acidity =
    • Temperature
    • Result:
  • Conclusion:
A
  • Higher Metabolic Activity
    • ​Higher (more metabolically active tissue)
    • Higher (production of lactic acid)
    • Higher
    • Lower Hgb saturation bc Hb lets go of even more O2 to metabolically active tissues
  • Lower Metabolic Activity
    • ​Lower
    • Lower
    • Cooler
    • Higher Hgb saturation bc tissue doesn’t need it right now
  • Hb delivers more O2 to tissues that need it the most and less O2 to tissues that need it the least
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25
Q

Carbon Dioxide Carriage by Blood

(3)

And percentages

A
  1. 10% Physically dissolved in blood (CO2 is higher in plasma bc more polar-again depending on PCO2 of plasma)
  2. 30% Bound to Hemoglobin (binds to actual protein not the heme groups - doesn’t compete with O2)
  3. 60% in the form of Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
26
Q

Haldane vs. Bohr Effect

Haldane Effect:

Bohr Effect:

A
  • Describes how oxygen concentrations determines hemoglobins affinity for carbon dioxide
  • When CO2 does bind to hemoglobin it reduces its affinity for O2, part of the mechanism above that as CO2 lvls rise, Hgb tends to let go of O2
27
Q

Carbon Dioxide in the Form of Bicarbonate

  • CO2 diffuses across RBC membrane and in the presence of (1) has to interact with (1) to form (1) -> which ionizes into 3H and (1) - all happening in the RBC
  • HCO3 exits and enters plasma through a?
A
  • H20 -> Carbonic Anhydrase -> Carbonic Acid -> Bicarbonate HCO3-
  • Secondary Active Transport Exchanger with Cl
28
Q

Carbon Dioxide in form of Bicarbonate (Notes)

  • In Deoxygenated blood, CO2 ____ in plasma and you get ____ reaction
  • In Oxygenated blood, CO2 is getting _____ you get ____ reaction forming CO2 and leaving the cell
  • Chloride shift:
A
  • climbs, forward reaction
  • removed, reverse reaction
  • CL is pushed back and forth in and out of the cell
29
Q

Mechanics of Ventilation and Breathing

Air moves down a pressure gradient

  • Negative gradient = ______
  • Positive gradient = _______

Natural state of lungs is to be in a _____ position

But in a healthy individual, they are in _____ position bc of unique ______ arrangement of thoracic cavity

A
  • Inhalation
  • Exhalation

collapsed

inflated, anatomical

30
Q

Anatomical Arrangement of Thoracic Cavity

  • (1): Serous membranes (sheets of connective tissue that produces fluid) line each lung
    • (1): lines the lungs
    • (1): lines the interior of the thoracic cavity (
    • (1): fluid that fills intrapleural space in between these two membranes
      • There should not be air in this space, only this water based fluid - and water has a special property known as
    • (1): water molecules in solution are attracted to each other and sticks to itself -> if you were to pull water molecules aparty they would resist that like ____ -> Keeps lungs ____ by causing lungs to stuck to cavity _____
A
  • Pleural Membranes
    • ​Visceral Pleura
    • Parietal Pleura
    • Pleural Fluid
    • Surface Tension -> GLUE, INFLATED, WALL

Any break in plueral membranes -> lung collapses (pneumothorax)

31
Q

Three Different Pressures

  1. Atmospheric Pressure =
  2. Intra-Aleolar Pressure =
  3. Intrapleural Pressure =

  • Which way is air flowing?
A
  1. 760
  2. 760
  3. 756

Nowhere, pressures in atmosphere and alveoli are equal right now

32
Q

Intrapleural Fluid Cohesiveness

=

Keeps Lungs ____

  • Pressure in pleural space is 756
  • Volume Pressure Relationship
    • Greater volume (thoracic cavity expands) -> ___ pressure (inhalation)
    • Less volume (thoracic cavity shrinks) -> ___ pressure (exhalation)
A

Water based intrapleural fluid sticks together like glue to

Keep Lungs Inflated

  • Volume Pressure Relationship
    • Less pressure (more volume)
    • More pressure (less volume)
33
Q

Transmural Pressure

Keeps lungs ____ and chest _____

Transmural pressure gradient across lung wall = (1) - (1)

Transmural pressure gradient across thoracic wall = (1) - (1)

A

lungs inflated, chest compressed

Intraalveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure

Atmospheric pressure - Intrapleural pressure

34
Q

Major Muscles of Inhalation

(2)

Which are innervated by which nerves?

A

External Intercostal Muscles - Intercostal nerves

Diaphragm - Phrenic nerve

35
Q

Muscles of Inhalation (Notes)

  • The way we expand the thoracic cavity is by _____ muscles that increase thoracic cavity volume
    • (1): big flat muscle that represents boundary between abdominal and thoracic cavity
      • When contracting, becomes ____ and increases _____ dimension of cavity
    • (1): muscles that sit between ribs, oriented in a crisscross pattern where internal intercostal muscle moves one way and this one moves the opposite way
      • When contracting, external muscles ____ the rib cage and increases _____ circumference
  • During rest, we have mild contraction of these movements (subtle movements of chest when we sleep)
A
  • contracting
    • ​Diaphragm
      • flat, vertical
    • External intercostal muscles
      • ​lift, transverse
36
Q

Before Inspiration

External intercostal and diaphragm muscles are _______

Net movement of air =

A

Relaxed

No net movement

37
Q

During Inspiration

What happens to both intraalveolar and intrapleural pressure?

A

Both pressures drop

38
Q

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles Involved in Forceful Inhalation

(2)

Both muscles help expand thoracic cavity by?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenus

By lifting the clavicle and sternum (skin sucks in the middle of neck and sides of clavicles - is very apparent when in use)

39
Q

Passive Expiration

Muscles are just ______

Pressure goes ___ in lungs as they recoil (get smaller) to push air out

A

Relaxing

up

40
Q

Muscles Involved in Forceful Exhalation

(2)

And how do these muscles function to forcefully exhale?

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles: pulls down on rib cage (trying to shrink it)

Abdominal Muscles: push viscera and diaphragm up and into thoracic cavity

41
Q

Breathing is Rhythmic

What muscle drives this rhythmic activity?

A

Diaphragm that is innervated by the phrenic nerve

42
Q

The Phrenic and Intercostal Nerves Terminate in the Spinal Cord

  • Intercostal Nerves - ______ Spinal Cord
  • Phrenic Nerve - _____ Spinal Cord (3)
A
  • Thoracic
  • Cervical C3, 4, 5

Cell bodies of phrenic nerve sit high in C3, 4, 5 - so spinal cord injuries that are high above C3, 4, 5 that person will lose voluntary and involuntary contraction of diaphgram and rely on mechanical ventilation

43
Q

Respiratory Control Centers in Brain Stem

(2) (3) (2)

Where ______ control of respiration originates

Which Center is MOST IMPORTANT?

A
  • Medullary Respiratory Center
    • ​Pre-Botzinger Complex
    • Dorsal Respiratory Group
    • Ventral Respiratory Group
  • Pons Respiratory Centers
    • ​Pneumotaxic Center
    • Apneustic Center

Involuntary

Medullary Respiratory Center

44
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center

  • Pre-Botzinger Complex:
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group:
  • Ventral Respiratory
  • Restful breathing flow:
  • Forceful breathing flow:
A
  • Maintains the rhythmicity of breathing, controls the rate
  • Controls muscles involved in restful breathing (diaphragm, external intercostal muscles)
  • Controls accessory muscles
  • Pre-Botzinger complex -> DRG -> muscles
  • Pre-Botzinger complex -> VRG -> accessory muscles
45
Q

Pons Respiratory Center

  • Pneumotaxic and Apneustic Center:
    • ​Pneumotaxic center _____ inbreath
    • Apneustic center _____ inbreath
    • Both are usually active at the same time to fine tune breathing and adjust breathing based on _____ demands (exercise increases rate and depth of breathing)
A
  • Regulates and Fine tunes breathing by adjusting rate and depth of breathing by controlling duration of inhalation
    • shortens
    • lengthens
    • metabolic
46
Q

Pontine Control of Breath

  • ___ ___ control of breathing + adjustment based on ____ information coming back from body about metabolic demands
  • Normal RR =
  • Normal Tidal Volume =
    • When we exercise you need more oxygen -> metabolic demands change -> respiratory ___ and ____ also change

Control of Breathing

  1. Efferent control: originates at the ____ group being fine tuned by ___
  2. Feedback of metaboli demands coming into the brain from (3) pieces of info your brain gets to adjust breathing
A
  • Top down, sensory
  • 10-12
  • ~500ml
    • rate and depth
  1. medullary, pons
  2. PO2, PCO2, pH
47
Q

Apneusis

A respiratory pattern that tends to occur after? characterized by?

Brain injury is doing 2 things

  1. Diminishing input from _______ center which ends up ____ of _____ center
  2. Interference in brains ability to ____ sensory input from the body (bc usually should be enough to maintain a normal RR)
A

severe brain trauma, long gasps followed by short exhalation

  1. pneumotaxic, increasing apneustic
  2. interpret
48
Q

Pulmonary Receptors, Negative Feedback

(2)

A

Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR)

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors (PSR)

All respond to both stretch and irritation but mainly respond to one more (day job + side job)

49
Q

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

=

  • Found where?
  • Minimally sensitive to?
  • Hering-Bruer Reflex =
A

When lungs inflate too rapidly -> overinflation of lungs and injury of lung tissue

  • bronchiole smooth muscle
  • irritation
  • Causes shallow rapid breathing when trying to exercise from 0-100 too quickly
50
Q

Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR)

=

  • Located in ____ of airway - dispersed among _____ cells that line the airway (____ ____ epithelial cells)
  • Less sensitive to?
  • Response: Reflexive ________ and breathing pattern that looks like a ____ - designed to minimize exposure to irritant
  • (1): (not pictured) are irritant receptors and trigger the same reflex just located within (1) - juxta means next to capillary
    • same function just more concerned with preventing damage to site of exchange and preventing absorption of harmful substance into bloodstream
A

Protects lungs from chemical injury such as ammonia (smoke)

  • lumen, epithelial, ciliated columnar
  • stretch
  • Bronchoconstriction, gasp
  • J “Juxtacapillary” Receptors- alveolar sacs

Like when someone smokes for first time, their chest tightens up and start to cough and can’t catch breath bc their activating these irritant receptors like crazy

51
Q

Metabolic Changes that Adjust Breathing

(3)

  • CO2 vs. O2, which one does our body care about more and why?
  • pH: as ___ lvls rise, pH changes, also has a separate effect on breathing more related tot he contribution that the respiratory stem has in the body’s control of pH
A

PO2, PCO2, pH

  • CO2 because directly reflects metabolic consumption and fluctuates more easily -> so by using CO2 to control breathing you’re allowing for the adjustment of breathing before you see a change in O2
  • CO2
52
Q

Chemoreceptors

(2)

=

A

Central Chemoreceptors

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Receptors in the body that sense changes in PO2, CO2, pH

53
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

Located within _____ in the respiratory center

  • Don’t have direct access to blood so ____ measures composition of blood by using ___

Sensitivity to

  1. PO2 =
  2. PCO2 =
  3. pH =
A

Brainstem

  • indirectly, CSF
  1. Weakly sensitive
  2. Highly sensitive
  3. No sensitivity at all to plasma pH (bc hydrogen ions cannot cross BBB)
54
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Located at (2)

  • (1): sensory endings measuring composition of blood in aorta
  • (1): assessing composition of blood destined for brain

Sensitivity to

  1. PO2 =
  2. PCO2 =
  3. pH =
A

Aortic Arch, Carotid Sinus

  • Aortic bodies
  • Carotid bodies
    1. ​​Moderate sensitivity
    2. Weak sensitivity
    3. High sensitivity
55
Q

Sensitivity Analysis of Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemo-receptors are the primary way our body senses ___ but arterial PO2 has to get to about __mmHg aka 92% to even respond or care

At this point, the _____ center stimulates increase in rate and depth -> this is a (1) mechanism

Does not contribute to ____ to ____ regulation of respiration

A

PO2, ,60mmHg

Medullary -> EMERGENCY, LIFE-SAVING

x moment to moment

56
Q

Sensitivity Analysis of Central Chemoreceptors

Responsible for (1) regulation

  • PCO2 represents what’s physically dissolved in _____
  • Reason why its so important is bc it has to be dissolved in plasma before using it in the other (2) ways
  • Only the CO2 that’s in the _____ can cross the ___ -> once CO2 crosses, it can form bicarb in the CSF and effect CSF’s __ which _____ chemoreceptors can sense
A

Moment to Moment*

  • plasma
  • Bound to Hgb, Make Bicarb
  • plasma, BBB, pH, central
57
Q

How Central Chemoreceptors Really do the Moment to Moment Regulation

Central chemo receptors indirectly measure blood (1) by directly measuring (1)

​Which are ____ sensitive to changes in ____

Response: sense changes and stimulate ____ respiratory center, if increased PCO2 -> ____ rate and depth of breathing to blow ___ CO2

  • Chronically High PCO2 (ie emphysema) effects:
  • Rapid, Acute Increase in PCO2 effects:
A

indirectly measure PCO2 by directly measure pH of CSF

highly, PCO2

medullary, increased, blow off CO2

  • central chemo receptors decrease in their sensitivity and stop responding
  • represents injury to brain -> impaired function/suppression of respiratory function
58
Q

Control of Arterial (H+)

2 sources of H+ concentration in circulation

  1. (1)
  2. (1)

  • Peripheral Chemoreceptors are sensitive to __ and do not _____ between these two (any acidosis stimulates breathing) however
  • Central Chemoreceptors are sensitive to ___ and will sense changes and respond before there is even a change in pH bc of multiple ____ systems
A
  1. CO2 derived acid in form of carbonic acid
  2. Non-CO2 Metabolically derived acid
  • ​pH, differentiate
  • PCO2, buffer
59
Q

Example of Metabolically Derived Acid

(1)

  • Uncontrolled and cannot get glucose into cells -> body breaks down fat as an energy source and byproduct of fatty acid metabolism in ____: results in ______ breathing (___ventilation) aka _____ compensation for metabolic acidosis
  • This is sensed by the _____ chemoreceptors and is not doing it for the sake of respiratory control but of pH control
A

Type 1 DM

  • ketones, Kussmaul’s (hyperventilation), respiratory
  • Peripheral
60
Q

Voluntary Control of Respiration

Breathing under both involuntary and voluntary control

  • Which can override the other? What part of the brain?
  • Non respiratory acts such as?
A
  • Voluntary pathway can override the involuntary system, cerebral cortex
  • Speaking, singing, whistling, coughing, sniffling, clearing throat

Fall 2020 Advanced Patho (15 decks)

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