Human Stress Response, Immune System Part 1 Flashcards
Stress and the Body
- In order for humans to survive they must adapt ______ to their environment
- Environmental stressors can be overwhelming and ______ or ______.
- Healthy stressors include demanding _____ and _____ activities that enhance Mental and physical alertness (exercise, learning, etc.)
- Stress is defined as a state of _____ that can lead to disruption or that threatens ________
- The psychologic phenomonenon of stress is closely allied with n_______, f_____, and a______
- In general terms, stress has been defined as a feeling of ____-____ about being able to ____ with some situation over a period of time.
- biologically
- detrimental or healthy
- mental and physical
- tension -> homeostasis
- nervousness, fatigue, anxiety (makes stress a very personal experience)
- self-doubt, cope
Stress and the Body (Notes)
- Bad Stress
- Healthy Stress
- Stress becomes a problem when it is acute and overwhelming OR persistent and unrelenting
- Demanding mental (challenging learning) and physical activities that makes us smarter, healthier, and better capable of coping with all other forms of stress - the KEY to healthy stress is that they are NOT overwhelming
Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- He found that rats subjected to a variety of stressors (loud sound, toxic substances, variety of irritating substances) Responded each time with 3 biological changes
- Based on his observations he developed a theory called? Which consists of 3 components
-
- He theorized that individuals regularly move between which two stages? To habituate to the stressors of everyday life.
- Exhaustion occurs when?
-
- Enlargement of the Adrenal Cortex
- Shrinking of the Lymphatic Organs (thymus, spleen, etc)
- Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers
- General Adaptation Syndrome
- Alarm Reaction
- Stage of Resistance (body is adapting0
- Stage of Exhaustion (when stress becomes harmful and maladaptive, too persistent and no respite -> health deteriorates)
- Alarm and Resistance
- When adaptation fails and it leads to disease and potential death
Anatomical and Physiological Components of the Human Stress Response
-
Flow of the Stress Response
- ________: ____ or _____ negative physiologic, emotional or cognitive stimuli
- “______ brain”
- “______ and _____ brain”
- (2)
- Stressor: Real or Perceived (body reacts the same way)
- Thinking
- Feeling and Reacting
- Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol), Sympathetic Nervous System
Anatomical and Physical Components of the Human Stress Response
The Limbic System
“_______ brain”
(6)
“emotional brain” Feeling and Reacting part of our brain
Frontal Lobe
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Olfactory Bulb
Frontal Lobe
- “_____ cortex” (______ cortex): j______, in_____, mot______, m___, em______ reactions
- What portion of the stress response?
- What is it important for?
- “Limbic”, Prefrontal cortex: judgement, insight, movitvation, mood, emotional
- Thinking portion
- Recognition of stimuli in environment and then communicates with other parts of the limbic system
Hippocampus
=
declarative memory - short term memory and learning
(short term memory is the first step to learning)
Amygdala
Critical to coordinated responses to stress (especially with emotional content). Integrates behavioral reactions involving S______. Conditioned emotional responses, stimulation of amygdala can produce a _____ reaction.
Survival or Rage reaction
Silent or panice (threat and mortal fear) - either anger or mortal danger, when amygdala is stimulated there’s urgency
Thalamus
=
Relay station
Coordinates and helps plan other parts of the brain in stress response (“where am i going to run to”)
Limbic system lives right next to this highway - so it can get things running
Hypothalamus
Primary _____ for the limbic system, connected to (2).
Also regulates (3)
Output -> anterior pituitary hormone ouput (cortisol) and sympathetic NS
Body temp, Appetite, Sexual responses
Olfactory Bulb
=
Certain smells we connect to good and bad memories (“Abdi’s cologne)
Sympathetic Nervous System
(2)
- The arrangement of the sympathetic nervous system is perfect for _____ rapid response to stress -> comes screaming down the spinal cord within seconds and mobilize the entire body
- HR =
- Lungs =
- Skeletal Muscle =
- Liver =
- Adrenal medulla =
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
- Global
- Increases
- Bronchodilation
- Increases perfusion
- Increases Glycogen breakdown
- Releases Epi
Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)
What is the flow?
Excess levels of ACTH in stress causes what?
Hypothalamus releases CRH -> Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH -> Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol
Hyperplasia of Adrenal Cortex
Actions of Cortisol
(2) that correlate with the Han Selye’s Biological changes
Shrinking of LN dt immunosuppression
Duodenal Ulcers bc blood is shunted away from GI during stress response -> impaired mucous production
General Adaptation Syndrome
- What stage does this describe?
- First run back to the gym after months
- After a week or two back in shape, no need for cortisol, you’ve adapted
- No Respite (not giving enough time for adaptation), overtraining - Classic Exhaustion = body starts to feel really winded/HR super high with low intesne running
- What is the pattern of Cortisol through all 3 stages?
- If you increase the incline a little bit what stages do you go back and forth between?
- Alarm Reaction
- Resistance Stage
- Exhaustion Stage
- Increases during Alarm, Decreases during Resistance, Increases during Exhaustion
- Alarm and Resistance
Immune System Part 1
Categories of Immunity
(2)
Innate
Only recognizes self vs. non-self and requires no previous experience to pathogen to fight it (with same intensity and speed regardless of # of encounters)
Adaptive (Acquired Immunity)
Part that learns, responds to pathogens more intensely and efficiently with more exposure “acquired immunity”
Overview of Immune System
- Cells of the Immune System (3)
- Organization of the Immune System (2)
- Molecular Communication in the Immune System
- WBC (leukocytes), Cytokines that allow for communication between immune cells, Surface markers
- The Lymphoid System, The Reticulo-endothelial System (RES) - where are cells located, activated, and where they travel
Innate Immunity Components
(3)
- The Front line of Host Defense
-
Second Line of Defense: The Inflammatory Response
- Acute Inflammation: Events and Mediators
- Induced (Systemic) Innate responses to infection
- Tissue Repair and Chronic Inflammation
Components of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- A______
- Innate Immunity (5)
- Adaptive Immunity (2)
- Antigen
-
Innate
- Structural/Chemical Barriers
- Phagocytic/Scavenger Cells
- Inflammation
- Plasma Protein Systems (ie Complement System)
-
Adaptive
- B Lymphocytes (Antibody mediated immunity)
- T Lymphocytes (Cell-mediated immunity)
Innate and Adaptive Immunity (Notes)
-
Pathogens
- _______ (pink dot) = occupies ______ space
- _______ (black line) = genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA is _____ space/parasites that can’t replicate on their own, needs a host to make copies of itself
- P______ worms, Pro_____, F_____
- Prion =
-
Antigens =
- HLA’s =
- Pathogens
- Bacteria = extracellular
- Virus = intracellular
- Parasitic, Protozoa, Fungus
- Proteins that can replicate themselves by interacting wtih other proteins by causing that protein to mimic its shape
- Surface identity markers - that allows you to identify a specific pathogen (self. vs. non self)
- Protein that is most dissimilar from person to person
Innate and Adaptive Immunity (Notes)
-
Innate Immunity
- Chemical Barriers =
- Scavenger Cells =
- Inflammation =
- Plasma Proteins =
-
Adaptive Immunity
- B Lymphocytes =
- T Lymphocytes =
- Effector Cells =
- What is the relationship between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Skin, mucous membranes, our microbiome
- Neutrophils, Macrophages, etc.
- “Big hammer” powerful but causes some tissue damage
- Comprises the Complement System “Probably the most important” can destroy pathogens whether we’ve had previous experience with them (also used by adaptive immunity)
- Antibody mediated immunity
- Fights pathogens that occupy intracellular space
- Recognizes infected or abnormal host cells and target them for removal
Interconnection of the two - innate has to trigger adaptive immune responses and adaptive can use components of the innate system to target particular pathogens
Cells of the Immune System
Cells of the Immune System are pretty much what blood cell? Also known as?
-
Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell =
- Lymphoid Progenitor Cells (3)
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells (3) - (5)
- One cell that is produced by both lymphoid and progenitor cells?
WBC (Leukocytes)
- Origin cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to both lymhoid progenenitor and myeloid progenitor cells
- B cell, T cells, NK cells
- RBC, Platelets, Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Monocytes)
- Dendritic Cells
Cells of the Immune System
- Hematopoietic stem cells go through Differentiation process -> ______ cell -> _______ differentiated cell (most _______ mature, but loses ability to _____)
- Function of NK Lymphocyte?
- Function of Dendritic Cells?
- secondary, terminally, functionally, replicate
- Part of our innate immune system -> v important in fighting intracellular (viral) infections but does so NONspecifically bc no specificity in innate system
- Produced by both lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells -> primary job is initiating adaptive immune responses
Myeloid Cells
(6)
-
(2) are the primary phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and destory them in intracellular vesicles, a function they perform in both innate and adaptive immune responses
- (1) can also present antigens to T cells and activate them
- (1) are phagocytic when they are ______ and can take up pathogens, after maturing they act as ___-_____ cells to __ cells initiating adaptive immune responses
- Function of other myeloid cells =
- Eosinophils =
- Basophils =
- Mast cells =
Macrophage
Dendritic Cell
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cell
-
Neutrophils, Macrophages
- Macrophages
- Dendritic Cells (immature), Antigen presenting to T cells (mature)
- Primarily secretory and release contents of their prominent granules upon activation via antibody during adaptive immune response
- Involved in attacking large antibody-coated parasites (WORMS)
- Function is less clear
- Trigger local inflammatory response by releasing substances that act on local blood vessels
The Granulocytes
(6)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells
Monocytes -> Macrophages
Named dt large Granules
Neutrophils
=
(3) Mechanisms
One of three scavenger cells - first cells to migrate to area of inflammation or infection, found in circultion “riot police that break into house”
- Release Reactive Oxygen species
- Release Lysosomal enzymes
- Phagocytize Bacteria
They cause a huge mess then eat up that mess and die
Macrophages
=
- Circulating Macrophages
- Tissue Macrophages
2nd group of 3 phagocytic SCAVENGER cells that migrate to area and are much more smart and precise
- AKA monocytes
- Scattered throughout the body and live in connective tissue, epithelial barriers, mucous membranes (where pathogens enter/infection)
- starts off at monocytes -> no active infection -> left bone marrow -> migrates to tissue -> turned into macrophages and stayed dormant “guards at the door” some stay dormant for decades ie liver tissue macrophages
Basophils
=
Filled with histamine and pro-inflammatory mediators
Identical in function to mast cells - only diff is mast cells live in tissue
Eosinophils
=
2 conditions
Rise under 2 major conditions, granules filled with chemical mediators that degrades the plasma membrane of whatever its trying to kill
- Parasitic worm infection
- Allergic Response
Mast Cells
=
Mast cells are also filled with histamine and inflammatory mediators -> located in tissue but always close to circulation
Monocytes
=
Immune cells produced by bone marrow that when activated turns into macrophages
Dendritic Cells
=
3rd Phagocytic Scavenger Cell
“like the spy” bc doesn’t have any actions that attack pathogens, it just sits in tissues and constantly takes samples of ECF to trap foreign antigens -> if it traps then will travel towards adaptive immune system
Overview of Inflammator Response (Notes)
- 1st wave of cells =
- 2nd wave of cells =
- Both neutrophils and macrophages release (2) but also
- Eatu up dead _____, cellular ____, and _____ that might be there
- Then they determine if inflammatory response needs to go down and trigger ________
- Neutrophils
-
Macrophages
- Reactive oxygen species and Lysosomal enzymes
- neutrophils, debris, pathogens
- Trigger healing
Where are Cells Found?
- Resident in Tissue =
- In Circulation =
- Circulating numbers induced to _____ during infection
- Dendritic Cells, Mast Cells, Macrophages
- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes
- Increase
Lymphocytes
=
(3)
- Derived from?
- Involved in?
Cells that comprise the adaptive Immune System
-
B Lymphocytes
- Bone marrow derived (formed in bone marrow)
- Antibody mediated immunity
-
T Lymphocytes
- Thymus derived (formed in bone marrow)
- Cell mediated immunity
-
NK Cells
- Part of innate immunity - v important for viral infections (they fight with NON-specificity)
Surface Markers
=
- IgM and IgD =
-
CD4 and CD8 =
- CD4 =
- CD8 =
Therefore, if an adaptive immune response is triggered - Antigen presents to ____ cell -> which then activates appropriate ____ or ____ cell that is needed to fight that infection
Identify the lymphocyte and determine is function and specificity
- Antibodies (looks like a Y) where the antigen binding site resides (shows specificity)
- Determines T lymphocyte Function
- Helper T cells -> helps Coordinate, regulate, and control all adaptive immune responses “general of the army”
- Is our Suppressor, Cytotoxic T cell which Kills abnormal cancer cells or virus infected host cells
CD4 cell -> activates B cell or CD8 T cell
The Thymus
Which cells are thymus derived?
Which cells are bone marrow derived?
T cells form in the bone marrow then migrate to thymus gland to mature “Thymus derived T cells”
B cells form and mature in the bone marrow
The Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues in the Body
- Lymphocytes arise from stem cells in the? And differentiate in the central lymphoid organs (2)
- They migrate from these tissues and are carried in the bloodstream to the peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs (5)
- The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte _____ by antigen, and lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and these organs until they encounter specific antigens.
- T cells receive survival signals from ______ cells in the periphery, whereas the source of survival signals for B cells it thought to be in the lymphoid ______.
- Lymphatics drain extracellular fluid from the peripheral tissues, through the LN and into the _____ duct, which empties into the left _____ vein.
- This fluid, kown as lymph, carries _____ taken up by DCs and macrophages to the lymph nodes and recirculating lymphocytes from the LN back into the blood.
- Lymphoid tissue is also associated with other muchosa such as ____ lining (not shown in pic)
- Bone Marrow -> Bone Marrow, Thymus
- LN, Spleen, Lymphoid Tissues asctd with Mucosa (Gut asctd Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, Apeendix)
- activation
- Dendritic, Follicles
- Thoracic, Subclavian
- antigens
- Bronchial
Organization of the Immune System (Notes)
2 Tissue Types
Definitions
- Lymphoid Tissue = any structure where lymphocytes form, mature, reside, and atc
- Reticular Tissue = Connective tissue, endothelial barriers, mucous membranes
Lymphoid Tissue
-
Primary Lymphoid Structures =
- (2)
-
Secondary Lymphoid Structures =
- Examples:
- Which are all _____ through lymphatic vessels
- Where B and T Lymphocytes are ______ (ie. we eat alot of pathogens so GI tract)
- As fluid passes through LN/everything -> it interacts with all of the lymphocytes so if you need to activate one of those lymphocytes, its going to get _____ there
- Structure where lymphocytes form, mature, or reside and act
- Bone Marrow, Thymus
- Where lymphocytes live and get activated
- Spleen, LN, Adenoids, Tonsils, Heart, Kidney, Appendix, Thoraci Duct, Skin, GI tract (Peyer’s patches), Resp tract etc
- connected
- Stored
- antigens get trapped
Reticular Endothelial Tissue
- Where (3) live
- Even lymph nodes contain connective tissue so LN also have _____ and _____ cells
- Tissue macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Mast Cells
- macrophages, dendritic cells
Overview of the Immune System
- Pathogens gain entry how?
- Pathogen is detected how?
- Phagocytic cells intiate an _______ response (more phagocytic cells are ____ to the area)
- Phagocytic cells _____ antigen to ______ cell, how?
- T helper cell intiates an _______ immune response
- Activates (1) OR (1)
- Encountering or Breaking Epithelial Barrier
- Pathogen is detected by
- Tissue phagocytic cells (macrophages/dendritic cells)
- Peripheral lymphoid tissue phagocytic cells (via lymph fluid)
- Spleen phagocytic cells (via blood)
- By circulating B lymphocytes
- Inflammatory, recruited
- Present antigen to Helper T cell
- Directly in lymphoid tissue/spleen
- Phagocytic cell migrates to lymphoid tissue
- Adaptive
- Cytotoxic T cells OR B lymphocytes
