Human Stress Response, Immune System Part 1

Question 1

Stress and the Body

• In order for humans to survive they must adapt ______ to their environment
• Environmental stressors can be overwhelming and ______ or ______.
• Healthy stressors include demanding _____ and _____ activities that enhance Mental and physical alertness (exercise, learning, etc.)
• Stress is defined as a state of _____ that can lead to disruption or that threatens ________
• The psychologic phenomonenon of stress is closely allied with n_______, f_____, and a______
• In general terms, stress has been defined as a feeling of ____-____ about being able to ____ with some situation over a period of time.

Answer 1

• biologically
• detrimental or healthy
• mental and physical
• tension -> homeostasis
• nervousness, fatigue, anxiety (makes stress a very personal experience)
• self-doubt, cope

Question 2

Stress and the Body (Notes)

1. Bad Stress​
2. Healthy Stress

Answer 2

1. Stress becomes a problem when it is acute and overwhelming OR persistent and unrelenting
2. Demanding mental (challenging learning) and physical activities that makes us smarter, healthier, and better capable of coping with all other forms of stress - the KEY to healthy stress is that they are NOT overwhelming

Question 3

Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

• He found that rats subjected to a variety of stressors (loud sound, toxic substances, variety of irritating substances) Responded each time with 3 biological changes

1. 2. 3. • Based on his observations he developed a theory called? Which consists of 3 components
   3. 2. 3. • He theorized that individuals regularly move between which two stages? To habituate to the stressors of everyday life.
            • Exhaustion occurs when?

Answer 3

1. Enlargement of the Adrenal Cortex
2. Shrinking of the Lymphatic Organs (thymus, spleen, etc)
3. Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers

• ​General Adaptation Syndrome

1. Alarm Reaction
2. Stage of Resistance (body is adapting0
3. Stage of Exhaustion (when stress becomes harmful and maladaptive, too persistent and no respite -> health deteriorates)

• Alarm and Resistance
  
  • When adaptation fails and it leads to disease and potential death

Question 4

Anatomical and Physiological Components of the Human Stress Response

• ​​Flow of the Stress Response
  
  1. ________: ____ or _____ negative physiologic, emotional or cognitive stimuli
  2. “______ brain”
  3. “______ and _____ brain”
  4. (2)

Answer 4

1. Stressor: Real or Perceived (body reacts the same way)
2. Thinking
3. Feeling and Reacting
4. Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol), Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 5

Anatomical and Physical Components of the Human Stress Response

The Limbic System

“_______ brain”

(6)

Answer 5

“emotional brain” Feeling and Reacting part of our brain

Frontal Lobe

Thalamus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

Olfactory Bulb

Question 6

Frontal Lobe

• “_____ cortex” (______ cortex): j______, in_____, mot______, m___, em______ reactions
• What portion of the stress response?
• What is it important for?

Answer 6

• “Limbic”, Prefrontal cortex: judgement, insight, movitvation, mood, emotional
• Thinking portion
• Recognition of stimuli in environment and then communicates with other parts of the limbic system

Question 7

Hippocampus

=

Answer 7

declarative memory - short term memory and learning

(short term memory is the first step to learning)

Question 8

Amygdala

Critical to coordinated responses to stress (especially with emotional content). Integrates behavioral reactions involving S______. Conditioned emotional responses, stimulation of amygdala can produce a _____ reaction.

Answer 8

Survival or Rage reaction

Silent or panice (threat and mortal fear) - either anger or mortal danger, when amygdala is stimulated there’s urgency

Question 9

Thalamus

=

Answer 9

Relay station

Coordinates and helps plan other parts of the brain in stress response (“where am i going to run to”)

Limbic system lives right next to this highway - so it can get things running

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Primary _____ for the limbic system, connected to (2).

Also regulates (3)

Answer 10

Output -> anterior pituitary hormone ouput (cortisol) and sympathetic NS

Body temp, Appetite, Sexual responses

Question 11

Olfactory Bulb

=

Answer 11

Certain smells we connect to good and bad memories (“Abdi’s cologne)

Question 12

Sympathetic Nervous System

(2)

• The arrangement of the sympathetic nervous system is perfect for _____ rapid response to stress -> comes screaming down the spinal cord within seconds and mobilize the entire body
  
  • HR =
  • Lungs =
  • Skeletal Muscle =
  • Liver =
  • Adrenal medulla =

Answer 12

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

• Global
  
  • Increases
  • Bronchodilation
  • Increases perfusion
  • Increases Glycogen breakdown
  • Releases Epi

Question 13

Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

What is the flow?

Excess levels of ACTH in stress causes what?

Answer 13

Hypothalamus releases CRH -> Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH -> Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol

Hyperplasia of Adrenal Cortex

Question 14

Actions of Cortisol

(2) that correlate with the Han Selye’s Biological changes

Answer 14

Shrinking of LN dt immunosuppression

Duodenal Ulcers bc blood is shunted away from GI during stress response -> impaired mucous production

Question 15

General Adaptation Syndrome

• What stage does this describe?

1. First run back to the gym after months
2. After a week or two back in shape, no need for cortisol, you’ve adapted
3. No Respite (not giving enough time for adaptation), overtraining - Classic Exhaustion = body starts to feel really winded/HR super high with low intesne running

• What is the pattern of Cortisol through all 3 stages?
• If you increase the incline a little bit what stages do you go back and forth between?

Answer 15

1. Alarm Reaction
2. Resistance Stage
3. Exhaustion Stage

• Increases during Alarm, Decreases during Resistance, Increases during Exhaustion
• Alarm and Resistance

Question 16

Immune System Part 1

Question 17

Categories of Immunity

(2)

Answer 17

Innate

Only recognizes self vs. non-self and requires no previous experience to pathogen to fight it (with same intensity and speed regardless of # of encounters)

Adaptive (Acquired Immunity)

Part that learns, responds to pathogens more intensely and efficiently with more exposure “acquired immunity”

Question 18

Overview of Immune System

• Cells of the Immune System (3)
• Organization of the Immune System (2)
• Molecular Communication in the Immune System

Answer 18

• WBC (leukocytes), Cytokines that allow for communication between immune cells, Surface markers
• The Lymphoid System, The Reticulo-endothelial System (RES) - where are cells located, activated, and where they travel

Question 19

Innate Immunity Components

(3)

Answer 19

1. The Front line of Host Defense
2. Second Line of Defense: The Inflammatory Response
   
   • Acute Inflammation: Events and Mediators
   • Induced (Systemic) Innate responses to infection
3. Tissue Repair and Chronic Inflammation

Question 20

Components of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

1. A______
2. Innate Immunity (5)
3. Adaptive Immunity (2)

Answer 20

1. Antigen
2. Innate
   
   1. ​Structural/Chemical Barriers
   2. Phagocytic/Scavenger Cells
   3. Inflammation
   4. Plasma Protein Systems (ie Complement System)
3. Adaptive
   
   1. ​B Lymphocytes (Antibody mediated immunity)
   2. T Lymphocytes (Cell-mediated immunity)

Question 21

Innate and Adaptive Immunity (Notes)

• Pathogens
  
  • _______ (pink dot) = occupies ______ space
  • _______ (black line) = genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA is _____ space/parasites that can’t replicate on their own, needs a host to make copies of itself
  • P______ worms, Pro_____, F_____
  • Prion =
• Antigens =
  
  • ​HLA’s =

Answer 21

• Pathogens
  
  • Bacteria = extracellular
  • Virus = intracellular
  • Parasitic, Protozoa, Fungus
  • Proteins that can replicate themselves by interacting wtih other proteins by causing that protein to mimic its shape
• Surface identity markers - that allows you to identify a specific pathogen (self. vs. non self)
  
  • Protein that is most dissimilar from person to person

Question 22

Innate and Adaptive Immunity (Notes)

1. ​Innate Immunity ​
   
   • Chemical Barriers =
   • Scavenger Cells =
   • Inflammation =
   • Plasma Proteins =
2. Adaptive Immunity
   
   • B Lymphocytes =
   • T Lymphocytes =
     
     • Effector Cells =
3. What is the relationship between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Answer 22

• Skin, mucous membranes, our microbiome
• Neutrophils, Macrophages, etc.
• “Big hammer” powerful but causes some tissue damage
• Comprises the Complement System “Probably the most important” can destroy pathogens whether we’ve had previous experience with them (also used by adaptive immunity)
• Antibody mediated immunity
• Fights pathogens that occupy intracellular space
  
  • Recognizes infected or abnormal host cells and target them for removal

Interconnection of the two - innate has to trigger adaptive immune responses and adaptive can use components of the innate system to target particular pathogens

Question 23

Cells of the Immune System

​Cells of the Immune System are pretty much what blood cell? Also known as?

• Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell =
  
  • ​Lymphoid Progenitor Cells (3)
  • Myeloid Progenitor Cells (3) - (5)
• One cell that is produced by both lymphoid and progenitor cells?

Answer 23

WBC (Leukocytes)

• Origin cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to both lymhoid progenenitor and myeloid progenitor cells
  
  • B cell, T cells, NK cells
  • RBC, Platelets, Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Monocytes)
• Dendritic Cells

Question 24

Cells of the Immune System

• Hematopoietic stem cells go through Differentiation process -> ______ cell -> _______ differentiated cell (most _______ mature, but loses ability to _____)
• Function of NK Lymphocyte?
• Function of Dendritic Cells?

Answer 24

• secondary, terminally, functionally, replicate
• Part of our innate immune system -> v important in fighting intracellular (viral) infections but does so NONspecifically bc no specificity in innate system
• Produced by both lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells -> primary job is initiating adaptive immune responses

Question 25

Myeloid Cells (6) * **(2)** are the _primary phagocytic cells_ that engulf pathogens and destory them in intracellular vesicles, a function they perform in both innate and adaptive immune responses * **(1)** can also present antigens to T cells and activate them * **(1)** are phagocytic when they are ______ and can take up pathogens, after maturing they act as \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ cells to __ cells initiating adaptive immune responses * Function of other myeloid cells = * Eosinophils = * Basophils = * Mast cells =

Answer 25

**Macrophage** **Dendritic Cell** **Neutrophil** **Eosinophil** **Basophil** **Mast Cell** * **Neutrophils, Macrophages** * **Macrophages** * **Dendritic Cells** (immature), Antigen presenting to T cells (mature) * Primarily secretory and release contents of their prominent granules upon activation via antibody during adaptive immune response * Involved in attacking large antibody-coated parasites (WORMS) * Function is less clear * Trigger local inflammatory response by releasing substances that act on local blood vessels

Question 26

The Granulocytes (6)

Answer 26

**Neutrophils** **Eosinophils** **Basophils** **Mast Cells** **Monocytes -\> Macrophages** Named dt large Granules

Question 27

**Neutrophils** **=** (3) Mechanisms

Answer 27

One of three scavenger cells - first cells to migrate to area of inflammation or infection, found in circultion "riot police that break into house" * Release Reactive Oxygen species * Release Lysosomal enzymes * Phagocytize Bacteria They cause a huge mess then eat up that mess and die

Question 28

Macrophages = 1. **Circulating Macrophages** 2. **Tissue Macrophages**

Answer 28

2nd group of 3 phagocytic SCAVENGER cells that migrate to area and are much more smart and precise 1. AKA monocytes 2. Scattered throughout the body and live in connective tissue, epithelial barriers, mucous membranes (where pathogens enter/infection) * starts off at monocytes -\> no active infection -\> left bone marrow -\> migrates to tissue -\> turned into macrophages and stayed dormant "guards at the door" some stay dormant for decades ie liver tissue macrophages

Question 29

Basophils =

Answer 29

Filled with histamine and pro-inflammatory mediators Identical in function to mast cells - only diff is mast cells live in tissue

Question 30

Eosinophils = 2 conditions

Answer 30

Rise under 2 major conditions, granules filled with chemical mediators that degrades the plasma membrane of whatever its trying to kill 1. Parasitic worm infection 2. Allergic Response

Question 31

Mast Cells =

Answer 31

Mast cells are also filled with histamine and inflammatory mediators -\> located in tissue but always close to circulation

Question 32

Monocytes =

Answer 32

Immune cells produced by bone marrow that when activated turns into **macrophages**

Question 33

Dendritic Cells =

Answer 33

**3rd Phagocytic Scavenger Cell** "like the spy" bc doesn't have any actions that attack pathogens, it just sits in tissues and constantly takes samples of ECF to trap foreign antigens -\> if it traps then will travel towards adaptive immune system

Question 34

Overview of Inflammator Response (Notes) ## Footnote 1. 1st wave of cells = 2. 2nd wave of cells = * Both neutrophils and macrophages release (2) but also * Eatu up dead \_\_\_\_\_, cellular \_\_\_\_, and _____ that might be there * Then they determine if inflammatory response needs to go down and **trigger \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

Answer 34

1. **Neutrophils** 2. **Macrophages** 1. **​**Reactive oxygen species and Lysosomal enzymes 2. neutrophils, debris, pathogens 3. **Trigger healing**

Question 35

Where are Cells Found? ## Footnote 1. Resident in Tissue = 2. In Circulation = * Circulating numbers induced to _____ during infection

Answer 35

1. **Dendritic Cells, Mast Cells, Macrophages** 2. **Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes** * Increase

Question 36

Lymphocytes = (3) * Derived from? * Involved in?

Answer 36

Cells that comprise the adaptive Immune System * **B Lymphocytes** * **​**Bone marrow derived (formed in bone marrow) * **Antibody mediated immunity** * **T Lymphocytes** * **​**Thymus derived (formed in bone marrow) * **Cell mediated immunity** * **NK Cells** * **Part of innate immunity** - v important for viral infections (they fight with NON-specificity)

Question 37

Surface Markers = * **IgM and IgD =** * **CD4 and CD8 =** * **​CD4 =** * **CD8 =** Therefore, if an adaptive immune response is triggered - Antigen presents to ____ cell -\> which then activates appropriate ____ or ____ cell that is needed to fight that infection

Answer 37

Identify the lymphocyte and determine is function and specificity * Antibodies (looks like a Y) where the **antigen binding site** resides (shows specificity) * Determines **T lymphocyte Function** * **​Helper T cells** -\> helps **C****oordinate**, regulate, and control all adaptive immune responses "general of the army" * Is our **Suppressor, Cytotoxic T cell** which **Kills** abnormal cancer cells or virus infected host cells CD4 cell -\> activates B cell or CD8 T cell

Question 38

The Thymus ## Footnote Which cells are thymus derived? Which cells are bone marrow derived?

Answer 38

T cells form in the bone marrow then migrate to thymus gland to mature "Thymus derived T cells" B cells form and mature in the bone marrow

Question 39

The Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues in the Body ## Footnote 1. Lymphocytes arise from stem cells in the? And differentiate in the **central lymphoid organs** (2) 2. They migrate from these tissues and are carried in the bloodstream to the peripheral or **secondary** **lymphoid organs (5)** 3. The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte _____ by antigen, and lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and these organs until they encounter specific antigens. 4. T cells receive survival signals from ______ cells in the periphery, whereas the source of survival signals for B cells it thought to be in the lymphoid \_\_\_\_\_\_. 5. Lymphatics drain extracellular fluid from the peripheral tissues, through the LN and into the _____ duct, which empties into the left _____ vein. 6. This fluid, kown as lymph, carries _____ taken up by DCs and macrophages to the lymph nodes and recirculating lymphocytes from the LN back into the blood. 7. Lymphoid tissue is also associated with other muchosa such as ____ lining (not shown in pic)

Answer 39

1. Bone Marrow -\> **Bone Marrow, Thymus** 2. LN, Spleen, Lymphoid Tissues asctd with Mucosa (Gut asctd Tonsils, Peyer's patches, Apeendix) 3. activation 4. Dendritic, Follicles 5. Thoracic, Subclavian 6. antigens 7. Bronchial

Question 40

Organization of the Immune System (Notes) ## Footnote 2 Tissue Types Definitions

Answer 40

1. **Lymphoid Tissue =** any structure where lymphocytes form, mature, reside, and atc 2. **Reticular Tissue** = Connective tissue, endothelial barriers, mucous membranes

Question 41

Lymphoid Tissue ## Footnote 1. **Primary Lymphoid Structures =** * **​​(2)** 2. **Secondary Lymphoid Structures =** * **​​Examples:** * Which are all _____ through lymphatic vessels * **Where B and T Lymphocytes are \_\_\_\_\_\_** (ie. we eat alot of pathogens so GI tract) * As fluid passes through LN/everything -\> it interacts with all of the lymphocytes so if you need to activate one of those lymphocytes, its going to get _____ there

Answer 41

1. Structure where lymphocytes form, mature, or reside and act * **Bone Marrow, Thymus** 2. Where lymphocytes live and get activated * **Spleen, LN, Adenoids, Tonsils, Heart, Kidney, Appendix, Thoraci Duct, Skin, GI tract (Peyer's patches), Resp tract** etc * connected * **Stored** * antigens get trapped

Question 42

Reticular Endothelial Tissue ## Footnote * Where (3) live * Even lymph nodes contain connective tissue so LN also have _____ and _____ cells

Answer 42

* Tissue macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Mast Cells * macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 43

Overview of the Immune System ## Footnote 1. Pathogens gain entry how? 2. Pathogen is detected how? 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. Phagocytic cells intiate an _______ response (more phagocytic cells are ____ to the area) 4. Phagocytic cells _____ antigen to ______ cell, how? 1. 2. 5. T helper cell intiates an _______ immune response 1. Activates (1) OR (1)

Answer 43

1. Encountering or Breaking Epithelial Barrier 2. Pathogen is detected by 1. Tissue phagocytic cells (macrophages/dendritic cells) 2. Peripheral lymphoid tissue phagocytic cells (via lymph fluid) 3. Spleen phagocytic cells (via blood) 4. By circulating B lymphocytes 3. Inflammatory, recruited 4. Present antigen to Helper T cell 1. Directly in lymphoid tissue/spleen 2. Phagocytic cell migrates to lymphoid tissue 5. Adaptive 1. Cytotoxic T cells OR B lymphocytes