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Fall 2020 Advanced Patho > Normal Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Normal Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Part 1 Overview of the Nervous System as a Control System

A
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2
Q

Nervous System and Endocrine System

  • Are the major _____ systems to maintain _____
A
  • control, homeostasis
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3
Q

2 Major Branches of the Nervous System

  1. ___ (brain and spinal cord)
  2. ___
    • Afferent division = ______ arm - carries info from ___ towards ___
      • Sensory stimuli (____-sensory stimuli) = we are ___ of (sight, touch, heat, pain)
      • Visceral stimuli = reflects status of ____ function ie. BP, blood volume, blood osmolarity - part of our ______ nervous system arm
    • Efferent division = carries commands from ___ towards _____
A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
    • sensory, body towards CNS
      • somato, aware
      • visceral, autonomic
    • CNS towards body
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4
Q

Nervous System Chart

A
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5
Q

Efferent Commands

  1. ______ nervous system -> ____ neurons -> _____ muscle - V______ CONSCIOUS COMMAND MOVEMENTS
  2. ______ nervous sysyem = we are ___ aware of -> controls ____ function that includes s____ muscle, c____, gl____
    1. ​_______ nervous system = fight or flight response (stress responses)
    2. _______ system = rest and digest function (dominant most of the time)
A
  1. Somatic -> motor, skeletal, VOLUNTARY
  2. Autonomic, not, organ, smooth, cardiac, glands
    1. ​Sympathetic
    2. Parasympathetic
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6
Q

Ramon y Cajal

  • Spanish Neuroscientist in late 1800’s
  • Pioneered a type of cellular ____ called ____ staining
    • ​Special bc it was specific to ______ cells -> in great ____, sp_____
  • From these he created detailed _____ of neuronal cells -> before this we did not understand the nervous system was made up of ____ CELLS by demonstrating the structure of those cells
A
  • Spanish neuroscientist
  • staining, Golgi
    • neuronal, detail, sporadically
  • drawings, DISTINCT
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7
Q

Nervous Tissue

  • Along with muscle cells, neurons are known as “______ cells”
    • means they are capable of firing ____ _____ (explosive movement of charged ions across plasma membrane creating _____ impulses -> units of _____ flow) -> how neuronal cells send sensory or command messages from body to brain or brain to body
A
  • excitable
    • ​action potentials, electrical, info
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8
Q

Structure of a Typical Neuron

  • Bulbous central ____ ____ where nucleus resides
  • _____ ______Where stimulation or information comes into a neuronal cell through its dendrites
    • So if enough info comes in -> cell will ____ an action potential (electrical impulse) - that starts at the ____ ____ -> down the long _____ -> out through the ____ _____ (______ terminal which other ______ of a neuronal cell)
A
  • cell body
  • Dendritic tree
    • ​fire, axon hillock -> axon -> axon terminal (presynaptic, dendrites)
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9
Q

Myelination in the PNS

  • Myelination = ______ of axon
    • Purpose of myelination (2)
  • Schwann Cells =
  • Nodes of Ranvier =
A
  • insulation (kind of like wires at home that use plastic covering to insulate flow of electricity)
    • ​Speeds up rate of electrical impulse traveling down axon
    • Preservation of signal to not lose the signal
  • PNS Myelination in form of Schwann Cells (purple circles are the nuclei)
  • Bits of exposed axon in between schwann cells where electrical impulses jump from one node to the next to speed up action potential of an axon)
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10
Q

Myelination in CNS

  • What is the group of cells that provide myelination in the CNS?
    • Type of cell is called _____ cells
    • Sends out ______ projections that wrap around axons that surround the cell
    • In pic you can also see ____ of exposed axon between areas of myelination
A
  • Oligodendrocytes
    • ​glial cells
    • footlike
    • nodes
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11
Q

3 Basic Types of Neurons

(3)

A
  • Efferent Neurons
  • Afferent Neurons
  • Interneurons
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12
Q

Efferent Neurons

  • Cell bodies live in the ___
    • _____ neurons where action potential/electrical impulse starts in the ____ and moves towards the ____ and eventually toward ___ cell
    • Axons in the ____, Axon terminals in the _____
A
  • CNS
    • Command, CNS, PNS, target
    • PNS, periphery
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13
Q

Afferent Neurons

  • = _____ ____ neurons
    • Provides somato sensation -> have a particular appearance - has a s_____ receptor in the organ that its providing sensation (ie pressure receptor)
    • Cell body of this sensory neuron resides in the? -> then signal enters the spinal cord
A
  • somato-sensory
    • specialized
    • in the PNS but CLOSE TO BOUNDARY oF CNS
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14
Q

Interneurons

  • = neuronal cells that ____ afferent neurons to efferent neurons
    • ______ afferent sensory signal and creates efferent _____
    • Located entirely in the ____
A
  • = connect
    • processes, command
    • CNS
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15
Q

Part 2 Ionic Basis of Resting Membrane Potential and the Action Potential

A
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16
Q

Membrane Potential (mV)

Membrane Potential =

  • The difference in charge is created by composition of ____ vs ____
  • Action potential = mode through which a neuron transports _____ signal, predictable change in membrane potential due to open and closing of voltage gated ion _____ of cell membrane​
A

voltage difference across the membrane

  • ICF vs ECF
  • electrical, channels
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17
Q

Membrane Potential Notes

  • What gives the cell an overwhelmingly negative charge compared to the outside?
  • What is the resting membrane potential for most cells?
    • ​Therefore ______ membrane potential has a high negative charge inside cell (whenever we talk about potential of cell: talking about inside compared to outside)
A
  • Abundance of amino acids and proteins
  • -70mv
    • ​resting
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18
Q

Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential

  • Ions are influenced by both a _____ and _____ gradient across the membrane
  • The natural “drive” for all ions is to reach a state of ______: no net _____ force = no net ______
  • For ions this state of “equilibrium” occurs when the plasma membrane is at a particular voltage called the ______ _____ = the voltage where an ion’s _____ gradient ______ out it’s ____ gradient
  • An ion’s equilibrium potential is dependent on the _____ of that ion and its ______ gradient (difference across the membrane)
A
  • chemical, electrical
  • equilibrium, driving, movement
  • equilibrium potential, electrical, balance, chemical
  • valence (electrons that occupy the outermost shell), concentration
19
Q

Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential

  • In electrical gradients = ______ attract
    • K+
      • What direction is its concentration gradient pointing in?
      • What direction is its electrical gradient pointing in?
    • Na+
      • What direction is its concentration gradient pointing in?
      • What direction is its electrical gradient pointing in?
  • Therefore, Na+ has a huge motivation to get ____ the cell and at rest, what keeps it in is the membrane (bc is not lipid, cannot passively diffuse)
  • Conclusion: Na+ has a huge driving force to get into cell but low _______
A
  • opposites
    • K+
      • out
      • in
    • Na+
      • in
      • in
    • inside
    • low permeability
20
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

  • Equilibrium potential of Na+ =
  • Equilibrium potential of K+ =
  • Resting Membrane Potential =
  • Membrane Potential depends on (3)
A
  • +60
  • -90
  • -70
  • which ions, what their equilibrium potential is, and permeability
21
Q

Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential

  • If a cell is perfectly permeable to an ion (and there’s only one ion present) then membrane potential will equal the?
  • In reality, there are severeal ions present in human cells so a particular’s cell’s membrane potential will depend on (3)
    • The ion that has the greatest permeability to the membrane gets to drive its agenda the _____-> so if cell is more permeable to K then its resting membrane potential is closer to _____
    • So bc the cell at rest is more permeable to ______, its resting membrane potential is closer to potassium’s _____
A
  • equilibrium potential of that ion
  • ions present, equilibrium potentials, permeability
    • most, -90
    • K, equilibrium
22
Q

Depolarization

  • Upward deflection = _______ in potential
  • Downward deflection = _______ in potential
    • Less negative =
    • More negative =
A
  • Decrease
  • Increase
    • ​Depolarization
    • Hyperpolarization
23
Q

Overview of Action Potential

  • Parts of an action potential (electrical impulse)
    • ​Starts around ___, something is making it less negative (na influx/fast depolarization) - hits a threshold where something big happens at around ___ -> cell gets rush of movement __wards and gets positive very quickly -> then tide shifts and drops down rapidly (fast hyperpolarization) -> hits an _______ then back to _____
  • An __ or ____ event
A
  • Action potential
    • -70, -50, upwards, undershoot, normal
  • All or nothing
24
Q

Overview of Action Potential Notes

  • Equilibrium potentials of Na+ and K+ are _____ values and parts of the action potential get _____ to both at different points
  • Action potentials is always in this order
    • Rising phase towards ____
    • Falling phase towards ____
  • Action potentials only happen in _____ cells (2)
A
  • fixed, closer*
  • Action potentials
    • Na+ (Na+ in)
    • K+ (K+ out)
  • exctiable (nervous and muscle tissue)
25
Q

Resting Potential

  • The reason why muscle and nervous tissue can fire action potentials bc they possess a unique set of ____ gated ion channels
    • ​What opens those gates is some particular voltage or _____ of membrane potential
  • At resting potential = ___
    • ​At rest, both Na and K voltage gated channels are _____
    • Depolarization = when membrane potential becomes more _____ (___ in)
    • Hyperpolarization = when membrane potential becomes more ____ ( __ out)
A
  • voltage
    • value
  • -70
    • closed
    • positive (Na+ in)
    • negative (K out)
26
Q

Threshold

  • If you hit threshold you’re going to get an _____ (no such thing as small or large)
  • What happens to the gates when you hit threshold?
    • Only a few _______ for that inactivation gate to ___ after it opens
A
  • action
  • Sodium gates start to open
    • milliseconds, close
27
Q

Depolarization

  • What happens to the gates?
    • Once you get above 0, what happens to the gates?
  • Relative Refractory Period =
    • If cell is overstimulated, getting too many action potentials but not enough of them experience hyperpolarization -> you get _____
A
  • Sodium channels fully open and sodium bursts into the cell dt huge driving force and brings + charge with it
    • potassium gates start..to open, the more positive you get the more potassium gates open -> cells start to repolarize
  • ideal amount of time cell needs to fire another action potential
    • ​tetany
28
Q

Repolarization

What is happening to the gates?

A

Closing of Na channels and Opening of K+ channels

29
Q

Hyperpolarization

What is happening to the gates?

What causes this stage?

This stage prepares the cell for another?

A

K+ channels starting to close

When more potassium leaves the cell than necessary to get back to baseline (undershoot purple line)

Action potential

30
Q

Absolute Vs Relative Refractory Period

Absolute Refractory Period =

Relative Refractory Period =

A
  • most but N_ot all Na +channels have reset_ to be able to stimulate another action potential (however if you do that enough times, your going to run out of those rest Na channels)
  • Can confirm that All Na+ chanels have reset and is the ideal amount of time that cell needs to fire another action potential
31
Q

Part 3 Neuronal Communication

A
32
Q

Neuronal Communication

  • Via Synapses - ______ or ______
    • ​Chemical Synapse - via either + or - _________
      • ______ Junction as a classic study of the chemical synapse
      • Neurotransmitters (3)
      • Neuroactive ______
    • Electrical Synapses - ____ Junctions - direct electrical spread
A
  • Electrical, Chemical
    • ​neurotransmitters
      • Neuromuscular
      • Amino Acids, Monoamines, Caetcholamines
      • Peptides
    • Gap
33
Q

Neuronal Communication Notes

  • Synapses =
  • Which synapse is more common?*
  • In chemical synapses, we have the release of a neurotransmitter by the _____ cell -> that neurotransimtter stimuates the ______ cell which causes stimulation or ______
A
  • connection between two neuronal cells
  • CHEMICAL*
  • presynaptic, postsynaptic, inhibition
34
Q

Chemical and Electrical Synapse Notes

  • Which neurotransmitter does this describe?
    1. Derived from a single amino acid that’s then been modified chemically
    2. Acts as energy, helps build proteins, can act as a neurotransmitter
    3. Subgroup of monoamine (derived from tyrosine)
    4. Are not neurotransmitters but are peptides that are ___ released with neurotransmitters that ____ response in the post-synaptic cell
  • Electrical synapses are known as? and they allow for ____ spread of the action potential from the pre synaptic to post synaptic cell
A
  • Neurotransmitters
    • Monamines
    • Amino Acids
    • Catecholamines
    • Neuroactive peptides = co-released, modify response
  • Gap junctions, direct
35
Q

The NMJ as the Classic Chemical Synapse

  1. Neurotransmitter molecules and synthesized and packaged in ______
  2. An action potential arrives at the presynaptic _____
  3. Voltage gated ____ channels open and Ca2+ enters
  4. A rise in Ca2+ triggers _____ of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic ______
  5. Transmitter molecules ______ across the synaptic ___ and bind to specific _____ on the _____ cell
  6. Bound receptors _____ the postsynaptic cell
  7. A neurotransmitter _____ down, is taken up by the presynaptic terminal or other cells, or diffuses ____ from the synapse
A
  1. vesicles
  2. terminal
  3. Ca2+
  4. fusion, membrane
  5. diffuse, cleft, receptors, postsynaptic
  6. breaks, away
36
Q

NMJ Notes

  • Vesicles of neurotransmitter are produced and packaged in the? Shuttled down through ____ and ___ within the axon terminal
  • Steps of chemical synaptic transmission
    1. Action potential penetrates the ____ ______ -> triggers the rapid _____ by __ entering the cell that stimulates a third voltage gated ion channel (___ ion channels)
    2. Calcium ions enter the cell and stimulate _______ of vesicles of neurotransmitters (where vesicles fuse with membrane) -> releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic ____
  • The nature of chemical synapses = the _____ signal turns into a ___ signal then back to a ___ signal
A
  • cell body, microtubules, stored
  • Steps
    1. ​​axon terminal, depolarization, Na+, Ca
    2. exocytosis, cleft
  • electrical -> chemical -> electrical
37
Q

Electron Micrograph of Two Cells

What are the arrows pointing to?

What are the little circles?

A

Active zones where you have release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

Vesicles of neurotransmitter

38
Q

Amino Acids

(3)

  • Which one is the ubiquitous
    • inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
    • excitatory neurotrasmitter in the brain?
A

Glutamic Acid

y-Aminobutric acid (GABA)

Glycine

  • GABA and Glycine
  • Glutamic acid -nearly every excitatory synapse releases glutamate - is the general workhorse for stimulation in the brain
39
Q

Monoamines

(3)

A

Acetylcholine

Serotonin (from tryptophan)

Histamine

40
Q

Catecholamines

(3)

Group of neurotransmitters derived from?

A

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epi

Tyrosine

41
Q

Neuroactive Peptides

  • =
    • Very di____
    • Often __-relaased with other neurotransmitters (often in brain)
    • They _____ the response to the neurotransmitter
      • ex) can increase or decrease production of receptors in postsynaptic cleft -> if increases the next time that neurotransmitter is released, there is an enhanced/greater sensitivity for that neurotransmitter
A
  • = shorter chains of amino acids
    • diverse
    • co-released
    • modulate
42
Q

Electrical Synapse

Connected by ___ _____ - where___ moves through and causes action potential of next cell

A
43
Q

Patterns of Synaptic Connections

(2)

And why are they different in function?

A
  • Spatially Focused: ratio of 1 cell to next is low
    • usually task oriented circuits
  • Widely Divergents: high ratio of one to many cells
    • more regulatory

Fall 2020 Advanced Patho (15 decks)

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