Normal Function of the Nervous System Flashcards
Part 1 Overview of the Nervous System as a Control System
Nervous System and Endocrine System
- Are the major _____ systems to maintain _____
- control, homeostasis
2 Major Branches of the Nervous System
- ___ (brain and spinal cord)
- ___
-
Afferent division = ______ arm - carries info from ___ towards ___
- Sensory stimuli (____-sensory stimuli) = we are ___ of (sight, touch, heat, pain)
- Visceral stimuli = reflects status of ____ function ie. BP, blood volume, blood osmolarity - part of our ______ nervous system arm
- Efferent division = carries commands from ___ towards _____
-
Afferent division = ______ arm - carries info from ___ towards ___
- CNS
- PNS
- sensory, body towards CNS
- somato, aware
- visceral, autonomic
- CNS towards body
- sensory, body towards CNS
Nervous System Chart
Efferent Commands
- ______ nervous system -> ____ neurons -> _____ muscle - V______ CONSCIOUS COMMAND MOVEMENTS
-
______ nervous sysyem = we are ___ aware of -> controls ____ function that includes s____ muscle, c____, gl____
- _______ nervous system = fight or flight response (stress responses)
- _______ system = rest and digest function (dominant most of the time)
- Somatic -> motor, skeletal, VOLUNTARY
-
Autonomic, not, organ, smooth, cardiac, glands
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
Ramon y Cajal
- Spanish Neuroscientist in late 1800’s
- Pioneered a type of cellular ____ called ____ staining
- Special bc it was specific to ______ cells -> in great ____, sp_____
- From these he created detailed _____ of neuronal cells -> before this we did not understand the nervous system was made up of ____ CELLS by demonstrating the structure of those cells
- Spanish neuroscientist
- staining, Golgi
- neuronal, detail, sporadically
- drawings, DISTINCT
Nervous Tissue
-
Along with muscle cells, neurons are known as “______ cells”
- means they are capable of firing ____ _____ (explosive movement of charged ions across plasma membrane creating _____ impulses -> units of _____ flow) -> how neuronal cells send sensory or command messages from body to brain or brain to body
-
excitable
- action potentials, electrical, info
Structure of a Typical Neuron
- Bulbous central ____ ____ where nucleus resides
-
_____ ______Where stimulation or information comes into a neuronal cell through its dendrites
- So if enough info comes in -> cell will ____ an action potential (electrical impulse) - that starts at the ____ ____ -> down the long _____ -> out through the ____ _____ (______ terminal which other ______ of a neuronal cell)
- cell body
-
Dendritic tree
- fire, axon hillock -> axon -> axon terminal (presynaptic, dendrites)
Myelination in the PNS
-
Myelination = ______ of axon
- Purpose of myelination (2)
- Schwann Cells =
- Nodes of Ranvier =
-
insulation (kind of like wires at home that use plastic covering to insulate flow of electricity)
- Speeds up rate of electrical impulse traveling down axon
- Preservation of signal to not lose the signal
- PNS Myelination in form of Schwann Cells (purple circles are the nuclei)
- Bits of exposed axon in between schwann cells where electrical impulses jump from one node to the next to speed up action potential of an axon)
Myelination in CNS
- What is the group of cells that provide myelination in the CNS?
- Type of cell is called _____ cells
- Sends out ______ projections that wrap around axons that surround the cell
- In pic you can also see ____ of exposed axon between areas of myelination
-
Oligodendrocytes
- glial cells
- footlike
- nodes
3 Basic Types of Neurons
(3)
- Efferent Neurons
- Afferent Neurons
- Interneurons
Efferent Neurons
- Cell bodies live in the ___
- _____ neurons where action potential/electrical impulse starts in the ____ and moves towards the ____ and eventually toward ___ cell
- Axons in the ____, Axon terminals in the _____
- CNS
- Command, CNS, PNS, target
- PNS, periphery
Afferent Neurons
- = _____ ____ neurons
- Provides somato sensation -> have a particular appearance - has a s_____ receptor in the organ that its providing sensation (ie pressure receptor)
- Cell body of this sensory neuron resides in the? -> then signal enters the spinal cord
- somato-sensory
- specialized
- in the PNS but CLOSE TO BOUNDARY oF CNS
Interneurons
- = neuronal cells that ____ afferent neurons to efferent neurons
- ______ afferent sensory signal and creates efferent _____
- Located entirely in the ____
- = connect
- processes, command
- CNS
Part 2 Ionic Basis of Resting Membrane Potential and the Action Potential
Membrane Potential (mV)
Membrane Potential =
- The difference in charge is created by composition of ____ vs ____
- Action potential = mode through which a neuron transports _____ signal, predictable change in membrane potential due to open and closing of voltage gated ion _____ of cell membrane
voltage difference across the membrane
- ICF vs ECF
- electrical, channels
Membrane Potential Notes
- What gives the cell an overwhelmingly negative charge compared to the outside?
-
What is the resting membrane potential for most cells?
- Therefore ______ membrane potential has a high negative charge inside cell (whenever we talk about potential of cell: talking about inside compared to outside)
- Abundance of amino acids and proteins
-
-70mv
- resting
Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential
- Ions are influenced by both a _____ and _____ gradient across the membrane
- The natural “drive” for all ions is to reach a state of ______: no net _____ force = no net ______
- For ions this state of “equilibrium” occurs when the plasma membrane is at a particular voltage called the ______ _____ = the voltage where an ion’s _____ gradient ______ out it’s ____ gradient
- An ion’s equilibrium potential is dependent on the _____ of that ion and its ______ gradient (difference across the membrane)
- chemical, electrical
- equilibrium, driving, movement
- equilibrium potential, electrical, balance, chemical
- valence (electrons that occupy the outermost shell), concentration
Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential
- In electrical gradients = ______ attract
- K+
- What direction is its concentration gradient pointing in?
- What direction is its electrical gradient pointing in?
- Na+
- What direction is its concentration gradient pointing in?
- What direction is its electrical gradient pointing in?
- K+
- Therefore, Na+ has a huge motivation to get ____ the cell and at rest, what keeps it in is the membrane (bc is not lipid, cannot passively diffuse)
- Conclusion: Na+ has a huge driving force to get into cell but low _______
- opposites
- K+
- out
- in
- Na+
- in
- in
- inside
- low permeability
- K+
Resting Membrane Potential
- Equilibrium potential of Na+ =
- Equilibrium potential of K+ =
- Resting Membrane Potential =
- Membrane Potential depends on (3)
- +60
- -90
- -70
- which ions, what their equilibrium potential is, and permeability
Ionic Basis for Membrane Potential
- If a cell is perfectly permeable to an ion (and there’s only one ion present) then membrane potential will equal the?
- In reality, there are severeal ions present in human cells so a particular’s cell’s membrane potential will depend on (3)
- The ion that has the greatest permeability to the membrane gets to drive its agenda the _____-> so if cell is more permeable to K then its resting membrane potential is closer to _____
- So bc the cell at rest is more permeable to ______, its resting membrane potential is closer to potassium’s _____
- equilibrium potential of that ion
- ions present, equilibrium potentials, permeability
- most, -90
- K, equilibrium
Depolarization
- Upward deflection = _______ in potential
-
Downward deflection = _______ in potential
- Less negative =
- More negative =
- Decrease
-
Increase
- Depolarization
- Hyperpolarization
Overview of Action Potential
- Parts of an action potential (electrical impulse)
- Starts around ___, something is making it less negative (na influx/fast depolarization) - hits a threshold where something big happens at around ___ -> cell gets rush of movement __wards and gets positive very quickly -> then tide shifts and drops down rapidly (fast hyperpolarization) -> hits an _______ then back to _____
- An __ or ____ event
- Action potential
- -70, -50, upwards, undershoot, normal
- All or nothing
Overview of Action Potential Notes
- Equilibrium potentials of Na+ and K+ are _____ values and parts of the action potential get _____ to both at different points
- Action potentials is always in this order
- Rising phase towards ____
- Falling phase towards ____
- Action potentials only happen in _____ cells (2)
- fixed, closer*
- Action potentials
- Na+ (Na+ in)
- K+ (K+ out)
- exctiable (nervous and muscle tissue)