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Fall 2020 Advanced Patho > Normal Function of the Nervous System Part 2 > Flashcards

Normal Function of the Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Part 4 Overview of the Central Nervous System

A
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2
Q

Major Divisions of the Central Nervous System

  • (1)
  • (1) - (3)
  • (1)
  • (1) - (2)
  • (1) - 4)
A
  • Spinal cord
  • Brain stem
    • ​Medulla oblongata, Pons, Midbrain
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
    • ​Thalamus, Hypothalamus
  • Cerebrum
    • ​Left and Right Cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, Hippocampus, Amygdala
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3
Q

Major Divisions of the Central Nervous System (Notes)

  • Spinal cord = goes through _____ bones - ends at ____ spine (divided into (3) regions)
  • Brain stem = _____, ____, _____ (bottom to top)
    • Reponsible for ______ vegetative function = pumps ___, lungs ____
    • Oldest part of the brain and most important for _____ of life
  • Cerebellum = lobe behind _____
    • Important in _____ motor movements, helps regulate/___ tune movements and ____ and up____ our motor patterns no matter age, body changes
      • ex) Signatures, “muscle ____” is not in the muscle is in the brain
A
  • vertebral, lumbar, (cervical, thoracic, lumbar)
  • medulla, pons, midbrain
    • baseline vegetative function, heart, breathing
    • maintenance
  • midbrain
    • learned motor movements, fine tune, updates, stores
      • “muscle memory”
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4
Q

Major Divisions of the Central Nervous System (Notes)

  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus = major _____ station for circuits that _____ one part of brain to another (grand central station)
    • Hypothalamus = controls baseline functions such as body t____, app_____, and f_____ behavior, libido and s____ appetite, re_____ function
      • Part of the _____ system that regulates ______ responses
      • Pituitary gland = _____ hypothalamus, connected and important in _____ system
  • Cerebrum = part of the brain that makes us most _____
    • Left and Right Hemispheres = ____ brain function - C_______ (ie solving puzzles, sorting, evaluating, executive function like planning out your week)
    • Hippocampus and Amygdala = also part of l____ system (emotions)
    • Basal ganglia = controls ____ motor movements, regulates and makes them smooth
A
  • Diencephalon
    • ​relay, connect
    • temp, appetite, feeding, sexual, reproductive
      • ​limbic, emotional
      • under, endocrine
  • Cerebrum, human
    • higher, COGNITION
    • limbic
    • fine motor movements
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5
Q

Cerebrum Lobes

  • Occipital lobe =
  • Temporal lobes =
    • ​Deep structures
      • Hippocampus = (2)
      • Amygdala = (2)
  • Parietal lobe =
  • Frontal lobe =
A
  • Vision, Visual perception
  • Hearing
    • short term memory, learning
    • alerts to danger, emotions (part of limbic system)
  • Somatic sensation (more near frontal lobe), Spatial awareness
  • Short term memory, planning future action, control of movements (motor, executive function, judgement, perception, deciding if something is a treat, choices that we make)
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6
Q

Another View of Brain Regions

Basal ganglia (nuclei) = important in ____ command

A

motor

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7
Q

Motor vs. Sensory Cortexes

  • Homunculus =
    • ​Sizes of body part represents amount of ____ dedicated to sensing that structure
      • ​Brain has great ______ (ie. someone blind who reads brail, area of cortex dedicated to fingertips will be larger)
A
  • small man that maps regions of cerebral cortex
    • cortex
      • plasticity
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8
Q

Motor vs. Sensory Cortex (Notes)

  • Central Sulcus =
  • Primary Motor Cortex =
  • Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
  • ​Parts of the brain that controls Motor Movements (3)
    • ​Damage to basal ganglia or cerebellum causes _____ of muscle commands (lacks precision) dt lack of funneling
A
  • Line in between frontal and parietal lobe
  • Anterior area where all vountary movement originates (only exception is learned motor movements from cerebellum)
  • Posterior area where all conscious sensation is perceived
  • Primary motor cortex (CEO in suite), Basal Ganglia (partners), and Cerebellum**(analysts)
    • overshoot
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9
Q

The Language Circuit

  • Wernicke’s Area =
  • Angular Gyrus = part of ____ lobe - combines ____ input from the (1) area and other s_____ from the (2) cortexes and feeds into the ______ Area
  • Broca’s Area =
    • What is it near?
    • The connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s is?
A
  • Processes auditory input for language - imp for understanding speech
  • temporal, auditory, primary auditory area, senses, somatosensory cortex and visual cortex -> Wernicke’s
  • receives input from Wernicke’s area and controls production of intelligible speech
    • primary motor area that controls tongue movements to form words
    • Bidirectional to facilitate integration of speech formation, comprehension, and editing
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10
Q

The Language Circuit (Notes)

  • Comprehension of language (not hearing but understanding)
  • Combines auditory input and other senses and feeds into wernicke’s area
  • Generation of language
A
  • Wernicke’s Area
  • Angular Gyrus
    • ​what you see, hear, feel -> puts it into wernicke’s
    • ie. tone of voice, primary somato cortex telling AG she touched my shouler, prim visual telling AG thisis what her body position is like
  • Broca’s
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11
Q

The Language Circuit (Notes)

  • Wernicke and Broca’s relationship
  • Wernicke and Broca are located bilaterally - for most ppl, language is comprehended and generated predominantly on the ____ side
    • Some ppl think that wernicke’s on right side associated with?
    • What type of aphasia happens when Wernicke’s is damaged?
    • What type of aphasia happens when Broc’as is damaged?
A
  • Bidirectional (they talk to each other)
  • LEFT
    • idiosyncratic understandings of things (weird meanings of words)
    • Receptive aphasia
    • Expressive aphasia (can’t even write it)
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12
Q

Brodmann’s Brain (52)

  • Broadmann’s Brain =
    • ___ regions (don’t need to memorize)
    • Just know that these parts of the brain, sometimes are used bc are a more specific reference point to represent different functions
A
  • Another way to classify parts of brain (probs most detailed)
    • 52 regions
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13
Q

Glial Cells

=

(3)

A

Non-Neuronal supportive cells of the nervous system

Astrocytes

Oligondendrocytes

Ependymal Cells

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14
Q

Glial Cells (Notes)

  • 2 types of cells in CNS (2)
  • Glial Cells _____ neuronal function
  • Astrocytes =
  • Oligodendrocytes =
  • Ependymal Cells =
A
  • Neuronal and Non-Neuronal cells (glial cells)
  • Support
  • Important components of the blood brain barrier
    • surrounds capillaries in the brain to help create a physical barrier to allow/prevent things to enter bloodstream
    • Helps regulate composition of brain ECF (fluid that surrounds neuronal cells of brain and spinal cord), ECF is highly regulated and designed to reduce/control excitability of neuronal tissue
  • Provide myelination to axons in the CNS
  • Type of epithelial cell that forms walls of membranes of the ventricles
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15
Q

Meninges and Ependymal Cells

  • Ventricular Spaces =
  • Cranial bone = ​
  • Meninges =
    • ​(3)
A
  • space with no brain tissue, enclosed by membranes made up of ependymal cells and filled with CSF
  • hard, inflexible protective structure of the brain
    • brain is so fragile, if you put it down, it’ll spread out like jello
    • brain is suspended in the cranium, attached to top of cranium bone and has a bit of a swing
  • Layers underneath cranial bone
    • ​Dura Mater, Sagittal Sinus
    • Arachnoid mater, Subarachnoid space
    • Pia Mater
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16
Q

Meninges

  1. Dura Mater =
    • (1)
  2. Arachnoid Mater =
    • ​(1)
  3. Pia Mater =
A
  1. Thick layer of extremely tough, fibrous tissue (green in pic)
    • Sagittal Sinus = venous space that has sagittal vein that runs along sagittal plane
  2. Thin layer underneath dura mater
    • Subarachnoid space = gap underneath arachnoid mater filled with blood vessels and CSF (yellow in pic)
  3. Layer right next to brain tissue
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17
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

Ventricles all ______

(4)

A

Connected

Left and Right Ventricles

3rd Ventricle (in between Left and Right)

4th Ventricle (connected to 3rd and central canal of spinal cord)

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18
Q

Brain Structure (Notes)

  • Tiny ____ _____ moving through tissue
  • ___ ___ ____ surrounds tissue
  • _____ fluid between blood vessels and cells
  • (2) types of fluid that neuronal cells in the CNS are exposed to
A
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood Brain Barrier
  • Brain Extracellular Fluid
  • CSF and Brain ECF (identical in composition, just produced in a slightly different way, and diff locations)
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19
Q

BECF vs. CSF (Notes)

  • Extracellular Fluid =
  • CSF =
  • Choroid Plexus =
  • Microcirculation =
  • Gross circulation =
A
  • in brains microcirculation areas, plasma gets filtered by BBB and becomes BECF
  • fluid that occupies larger ventricular system and central canal of spinal cord
  • produces CSF* (like the kidneys of brain, takes blood, filters it, and makes CSF)
  • BBB filters plasma -> BECF
  • Choroid Plexus filters blood -> CSF
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20
Q

Composition of Cerebrospinal Fluid Compared to Plasma

Notable Differences

CSF (___cellular) vs. Plasma (___cellular)

  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Mg
  4. Amino Acids/Proteins

  • All these differences designed to control?
A

CSF extracellular, Plasma intracellular

  1. Less NA in CSF reduces its concentration gradient (usually pointing towards the cell)
  2. Less K in CSF increases its concentration gradient (usually pointing outwards from cell)/lowers membrane potential by making cell more negative, further away from threshold
  3. More Mg in CSF - interacts with sodium channels to reduce permeability and excitability
  4. Less AA/Protein - are neurotransmitters in brain (glutamate and Glysin are amino acids) so we want to control that
  • Control and Reduce excitability -> AVOID SEIZURES
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21
Q

CSF Circulation

  • CSF constantly produced by (1) -> circulates through (2) and then exits and removd from brain through (2) -> moves through (1) -> ___ of brain -> exits and drains to _____ sinus vein through (1) -> leaves brain and back into general circulation
    • What connects ventricles to the subarachnoid space?
    • Choroid plexus (____ of the brain) associated with each lateral and 3rd and 4th _____
  • Purpose of constant circulation =
A
  • Choroid plexuses -> ventricles and central canal of spinal cord -> median and right lateral Aperatures -> subarachnoid space -> top of brain -> arachnoid granulations -> sagittal sinus
    • ​Median and Right Lateral Aperatures
    • kidneys, ventricles
  • maintain composition of CSF in optimal place (O2, CO2, ions, glucose lvls)
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22
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

  • A _____ structure composed of __ layers that represents barrier at the ____circulation level

(3)

  • Mostly composed of plasma _______ -> therefore things that are ____ soluble can passively diffuse through these membranes
    • Drugs that have SE of s_____/any effect of brain function -> can cross BBB
A
  • physical, 3, microcirculation

Tight Junctions

Basement membrane

End feet of Astrocytes

  • membrane, lipid
    • Drugs that cause sedation -> can cross BBB
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23
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

  1. Tight Junctions of the brain _____ endothelial cells
    • So to get out of the capillary has to cross the ___ membranes
    • (3) moves freely through
    • (2) needs channels to move through
  2. Basement membrane = made up of gl___ p____ and c____ tissue
  3. End feet of ______
A
  1. capillary
    • two
    • CO2, H20, O2
    • Na, Glucose
  2. glycol proteins and connective tissue
  3. Astrocytes
24
Q

Circumventricular Organs

=

(7)

A

strategic areas in the brain where BBB is slightly more leaky where circulating hormones that normally can’t cross/interact with brain can now do so (to monitor contents of blood “protective windows”)

Pineal Gland

Subcommissural organ

Subfornical organ

OVLT

Posterior Pituitary

Median eminence

Area postrema

25
Q

Circumventricular Organs (Notes)

  • Median Eminence - is close to _______ monitors lvl of ____ of the blood
    • ex) PNA (bacterial infx) -> release of cytokines -> enters circulation and causes ____ by binding to structures in the hypothalamus at the ____ ____ but doesn’t interact with whole brain
  • ​Subfornical and OVLT -> always monitoring blood ______
A
  • hypothalamus, cytokines
    • fever, median eminence
  • osmolarity
26
Q

Patterns of Synaptic Connections

(2)

A
27
Q

Systems of Central Neurons using Modulatory Transmitters

(4)

A

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

28
Q

Norepinephrine

  1. Parts of the brain the cell originates (1)
  2. Parts of the brain that these cells project to (6)
  3. The behaviors they regulate (4)
A
  1. Locus coeruleus
  2. widespread projection to Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Neocortex, Thalamus, Cerebellum
  3. Sleep wake cycle, Attention (amygdala), Short term memory and learning (hippocampus), indirectly effects overall Mood (by interacting with serotonin system)
29
Q

Serotonin

  1. Part of the brain the cell originates
  2. Parts of the brain the cells project to
  3. The behaviors they regulate
A
  1. Raphe Nuclei
  2. Widespread connection through brain and spinal cord
  3. Sleep wake cycle, Mood, Temp, Motor excitability
    • ​​ex) ecstasy floods brain synapses with serotonin -> affects MOOD*, awake bc disrupts sleep wake cycle, motor restlessness (grinding teeth), hyperthermia
30
Q

Dopamine

  1. Parts of the brain the cell originates (2)
  2. Parts ot brain these cells project to
  3. Behaviors they regulate
A
  1. Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmental area (VTA)***on exam
  2. Nucleus accumbens, Caudate nucleus and putamen, Primarily the Prefrontal cortex***on exam
  3. Reward pathway*** (good food, sex), modifies/adjusts motor movements
31
Q

Acetylcholine

  1. Part of the brain the cell originates (no need to memorize) __ regions
  2. Parts of the brain the cell projects to
  3. Behaviors they regulate (2)
A
  1. 3 regions
  2. Projects widely - the only system we know v clearly that Ach interacts with is…
  3. Sleep wake cycle! Cognitive function/how we think bc we know that if we block Ach = delirium
32
Q

Part 5 Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
33
Q

Cranial Nerves: Distribution of Motor and Sensory Fibers

A
34
Q

Cranial and Spinal Nerve (Notes)

  • Cranial Nerves = nerves that extend out from the _____
    • ​___ pairs
    • __ types of functions
    • 70% of parasympathetic input is conveyed through this nerve and controls baseline visceral function
  • Spinal Nerves = nerves that extend out from the ____
    • ___ pairs
    • __ types of functions
A
  • brain
    • 12
    • 3
      • Sensory (olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear - proprioception by fluid shifts in the body)
      • Motor (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal)
      • Both (trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal)
    • ​Vagus nerve CN 10
  • spine
    • 31
    • 2 - All are mixed motor and sensory, except C1 is all sensory
35
Q

Spinal Nerves

  • Composed of ____ that run through _____ roots (front of you) and ____ roots (back of you)
    • Ventral roots = involved in _____ signals
    • Dorsal roots = predominantly _____ signals
      • Dorsal root ganglia = area of ____ next to dorsal root
        • composed of?
A
  • fibers, Ventral, Dorsal
    • ​motor
    • sensory
      • swelling
        • cell bodies of sensory neurons (remember has a weird shape with cell bodies closer to axon terminal)
36
Q

Dermatome Map

=

  • Every nerve pair is responsible for a diff ____ of the body (_____ and set of skeletal muscles)
    • ex) Thumb and half of index finger is conveyed by C6 -> so if pt complains of tingling/numbness in thumb and index, may allude to problems of C6)
    • T8-10, C3-4 are common areas for ______ - the pustules do not cross _____ (if does is not shingles)
A

Maps out sensory input of different nerves

  • regions, sensation
    • Shingles, midline
37
Q

Spinal Cord Structure (Notes)

  • White matter =
  • Gray matter = ​
  • ______ (gray matter) vs. ____ space (white matter - axons up and down towards and away from brain)
  • Which horn has a lot of ascending tracts (sensory)
  • Which horn has a lot of descending tracts (motor)
A
  • composed of axon fibers that are myelinated (which is what makes it that white color)
  • composed of cell bodies of neuronal cells (all nuclear and cellular material creates dark color)
  • Horizontal, Vertical
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
38
Q

Spinal Cord Structure

A
39
Q

Central Canal

  • Dorsal Horn = cell bodies of ____ of which ____ neurons terminate
  • Lateral Horn = cell bodies of ___tic _____ nerve fibers
  • Ventral Horn = cell bodies of ____tic _____ neurons
A
  • interneurons, afferent
  • autonomic efferent
  • somatic efferent
  • Lateral horn also exits from ventral root - efferent autonomic -> going to visceral organs*
  • Sensory and Motor at one point merges to make up spinal nerves, do not include autonomic fibers (Sympathetic chain ganglia = where autonomic fibers extend from)*
40
Q

Patellar Reflex

  • Patellar Reflex = Is a pure ____ reflex - controlled by section between __-__ of spinal cord (__ descending input from brain)
    • Patellar ligament is attached to _____ muscle -> so hitting the ligament creates a rapid ___ on this muscle that is sensed by that sensory stretch receptor (muscle ____) -> signal enters ____ root -> contacts ____ in dorsal horn -> muscle registers this rapid pull and doesn’t want muscle to tear so initiates reflexive _____ -> leg contracts and ____
    • Contraction of quadricep causes relaxation of hamstring of _____ muscle groups and through ______ neuron of dorsal root
  • Vs. Pain Withdrawal Reflex = which requires ____ input going to ____ and motor command coming down from brain - which is why spinal cord injuries, will lack withdrawal reflex bc loss of sensation
A
  • spinal, L2-L4, no descending input from brain
    • quadricep, pull, spindle, dorsal, interneurons, contraction, kicks
    • antagonistic, inhibitory
  • sensory input to BRAIN and motor command coming out of it
41
Q

Reflex Scenario

  • If there is a spinal cord at T6, would the patellar reflex stay intact?
A

Injury is such that no message can get past it, however below T6 spinal cord is still intact

YES bc doesn’t require any descending input from brain just goes in and out of spinal cord at L2-L4 which is below the injury

42
Q

Part 6 Autonomic Nervous System

A
43
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

=

  • Targets (3)
  • Efferent arm
    • Sympathetic Nervous System =
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System =
  • Afferent arm
    • Visceral stimuli =
A

branch of PNS that controls visceral function

  • Smooth muscle that lines vasculature and viscera
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Exocrine and Endocrine glands
  • Efferent
    • fight or flight response (stress related response)
    • baseline function (rest and digest response)
  • Afferent
    • baseline visceral function signals that go to brain conveys info such as BP, HR, RR
44
Q

Basic Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System

Basic organization of efferent arm

  • System composed of __ cells and __ synapses
    • Preganglionic neuron = cell body resides in ___, conveys info into ___, and synapses onto 2nd cell called the
    • Postganglionic neuron = cell body sits in ______ ganglion, synapses onto ____ cell (3)
      • Collection of cell bodies and synapses that are sitting outside of CNS =
A
  • 2 cells, 2 synapses
    • CNS -> PNS
    • peripheral, target (smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, exo/endocrine glandular cells)
      • Peripheral Ganglion
45
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
46
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (Notes)

  • Cell bodies of preganglionic cells sit at __-__ in ____ horn of the spinal cord -> makes synapse in either the
    1. ​​Sympathetic Ganglion Chain =
    2. Prevertebral Ganglia =
      • ​​(2)
  • Where do most pre-ganglionic neurons make their FIRST synapse onto postganglionic cells
  • Then the postganglionic cell makes synapse onto?
A
  • T1-L3, lateral
    1. _​​_Vertical fibers that run on both sides of spinal cord of vertebral column (paravertebral ganglia) - branch out of the spinal nerves with swellings at every segment
    2. sympathetic ganglia that are sitting distal from sympathetic chain, some preganglionic cells pass through the chain without making their first synapse
      • Celiac Ganglion
      • Hypogastric Plexus
  • Sympathetic Ganglionic Chain
  • Target cell
47
Q

Central Canal

  • Cell bodies of autonomic nerve fibers sit in this horn
  • Cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons sit in this horn
  • Cell bodies of interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate sit in this horn
A
  • Lateral Horn
  • Ventral Horn
  • Dorsal Horn
48
Q

Sympathetic Ganglionic Chain

A
49
Q

Endocrine arm of the SNS

The one _____ to the 2 cell 2 synapse arrangement of the SNS

  • Where pre-ganglionic neurons extend and directly _____ the _____ _____ (endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys)
    • Hormones that are released?
A
  • exception
  • innervate, Adrenal Medulla
    • ​Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine
      *
50
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Preganglionic cell bodies sit in the
    • ​_____ and _____ -> extends out through cranial nerves (4)***(on exam)
      • ​_____ nerve CN 10 = conveys 70% of parasympathetic nervous system to almost all body/viscera
    • _____ horn of spinal cord at __-__
      • ​These preganglionic neurons leave through ___-___ -> effects function of ____ viscera (bladder and anal _____ function)
  • First synapses occur at much smaller plexi scattered throughout the body - usually very ___ to target organ -> therefore post ganglionic are very ____ and don’t need to extend far ie.
    • _____ _____: where preganglionic neurons are synapsing onto postganglionic neurons that can immediately innervate the heart
A
  • midbrain, medulla -> CN 3, 7, 9, and 10***
    • ​Vagus nerve
  • Lateral, T12-L1
    • ​S2-S4 -> pelvic, sphincter
  • close to target organ, small
    • Cardiac Plexus
51
Q

Neurotransmitters of the ANS

(2)

Any neuron that releases Acetycholine is described as?

Any neuron that releases Norepinephrine is described as?

A

Acetycholine (Cholinergic)

Norepinephrine (Adrenergic)

52
Q

Neurotransmitters of the ANS

  1. Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Preganglionic neuron releases ______ and binds to _____ acetycholine receptor - why is it called nicotinic?
    • Postganglionic neuron also releases _______ and binds to ______ acetycholine receptor - why is it called muscarinic?
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System
    • Preganglionic neurons release ______ and bind to ______ acetycholine receptors (_____ TO PARASYMPATHETIC)
    • Postganglionic neurons release ______ and bind to ______ receptors (3​)

  • Which system has an endocrine arm: where the _____ _____ is releasing _______ in bloodstream where it has higher affinitity to (2) receptors
A
  1. PNS
    • acetycholine, nicotinic (nicotine is an agonist - can bind to and stimulate these receptors with equal strength)
    • acetycholine, muscarinic (muscarine is agonist for this receptor)
  2. SNS
    1. acetycholine, nicotinic (IDENTICAL)
    2. norepinephrine, adrenergic (a1, B1, B2)
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: adrenal medulla -> norepinephrine -> B1, B2 receptors
53
Q

Adrenergic Receptors and Their Effects

A
54
Q

Adrenergic Receptors and Their Functions

  • a1 = usually found on ____ muscle of _____ (esp the one’s perfusing our internal ____) -> vaso______
    • However, the blood vessels perfusing skeletal muscle have __ receptors, not a1 -> where it causes vaso____
  • B1 = associated with _____ muscle -> __ HR, contraction strength
  • B2 = associated with ____, _____ - along smooth muscles of ____ of our lungs and causes broncho____ (increased ventilation of lungs), smooth muscle on wall of bladder _____
A
  • smooth, vasculature, organs, vasoconstriction
    • skeletal B2, vasodilation
  • cardiac -> Increased HR/contraction strength
  • lungs, bladder, bronchioles, bronchodilation, bladder relaxes
55
Q

PNS vs. SNS

  • Both systems innervate the same targets -> but usually has _____ effects
    • ie) sympathetic stimulation of heart increases HR, parasympathetic decreases HR
  • ____ _____ = Volume/degree of stimulation being supplied to any target by SNS or PNS not always equal
    • Under resting conditions which system’s tone is higher?
    • Under stress which system’s tone is higher?
A
  • antagonistic
  • Autonomic tone
    • parasympathetic
    • sympathetic
    • both are active all the time, but diff tones at diff times
56
Q

ANS Control Centers

(2)

And what do they control?

So through the autonomic _____ arm, these structures receive info on visceral structures and decides whether an _____ command needs to be issued

A
  • Hypothalamus
    • temp control, water balance, appetitie/feeding
  • Brainstem
    • urinary bladder control, respiratory, CV control

afferent, efferent

57
Q

SNS vs. PNS Chart

A

Fall 2020 Advanced Patho (15 decks)

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