Respiratory System + Histophysiology Flashcards
List the pathway of Respiration (8)
- Nares
- Nasal Vestibule
- Nasal Cavity
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Lungs
What are the limits of the nasal vestibule?
Nares to nasal aperture
___________ is from the nasal aperture to choanae, with left and right ones divided by the nasal septum
Nasal cavity
What is the choanae?
end of the hard palate
The space dorsal to the soft palate is ____________
Nasopharynx
What is the laryngopharynx?
Space dorsal to larynx at end of soft palate
Describe the larynx and its purpose
The voice box. It dilates the airway (during respiration) and prevents food from entering it (swallowing)
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
Nares, nasal vestibule, nasal cavity, Nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea and lungs
Define the carina
Wedge-like cranial projection where trachea splits
What is the main conjugate of the airway?
Trachea/windpipe
List in order from trachea to lungs the structures
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Which structure connects the trachea to the larynx?
Cricotracheal ligament
What structures expand the dorsal part of the trachea?
Tracheal rings
In mammal, what muscle opens the tracheal rings dorsally and span them?
Trachealis mm
What structure connects the tracheal rings to each other?
Annular ligaments
Into which parts is the trachea divided?
Cervical and thoracic
The LRT is divided into what 2 zones:
Conducting and respiratory zones
What are the parts of the conducting zone?
Trachea, primary/secondary/tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles
The tertiary bronchi are defined as?
Sections of bronchi that course towards lobe sections
What is the most distal segment of the conducting portion of the conducting zone?
Terminal bronchioles
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts/sacs and alveoli make up which LRT zone?
Exchange Zone
What are the lungs divided into?
Lobes
Define the pulmonary ligaments
Reflections of serosa connecting caudal lungs to dorsal body wall
What is the functional blood supply of the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Which type of blood supply brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Functional
Broncoesophageal arteries and veins make up what blood supply of the lungs?
Nutritive blood suppluy
What is required for respiration to occur?
An intact pleural cavity
What creates a negative pressure inside the lung tissue?
Muscular contractions outside of pleural cavity
Pressure normalization is done by?
Expiration (passively)
What does the diaphragm does when it contracts?
It pulls the parietal pleura and allow expansion
Where does the functional blood supply come from the heart to the lungs ?
Right ventricle
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
C5-C7
While auscultating the lungs, it is usually performed where?
In the orders of the pleural cavities
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Transport, condition and exchange gases
Which 2 regions make up the nasal fossa?
Respiratory and olfactory region
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is the _________________
Vestibular region
What is the main entrance to the respiratory system ?
Vestibular region
Describe the epithelium of the vestibular region
Pigmented and thickened
Stratified squamous
Keratinized
Describe the epithelium of the vestibular region
Pigmented and thickened
Stratified squamous
Keratinized
Which structure lies within the nasal septum?
Nasal fossa
Which structure lies within the nasal septum?
Nasal fossa
Describe the function nasal fossa
Condition inspired air
Which epithelium in the nasal fossa traps particles (cleanses) air?
Respiratory
Which epithelium in the nasal fossa traps particles (cleanses) air?
Respiratory
Goblet cells and serotonin-mucus glands do what to air?
Moisten it
What warms the air in the nasal fossa?
Venous plexus
What warms the air in the nasal fossa?
Venous plexus
List the 3 cell types in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
- Olfactory
- Sustentacular
- Basal
Olfactory cells of the nasal cavity are _______________
Specialized neurons
Which cell type provides physical support of the nasal cavity?
Sustentacular
Describe the epithelium in the respiratory region do the nasal cavity
Ciliated pseudo-stratified
What plays an important role in trapping particles?
Cilia and mucus
Where do cilia move mucus and trapped particles ?
From nasal cavity to pharynx
What is the chemoreception area of the nasal cavity called?
Vomeronasal Organ
What substance is identified by the VMO?
Pheromones
Describe a behavioral response from the VMO
Flehmen response
Describe a behavioral response from the VMO
Flehmen response
The neurons in the VMO have what?
Microvilli
Which part of the pharynx has respiratory epithelium?
Nasopharynx
What type of epithelium does the oropharynx has?
Stratified squamous
What type of cartilage is present in the larynx?
Hyaline and elastic
What controls cartilage movement in the larynx?
Muscle (swallowing and vocalization)
Define the epiglottis
Leaf-shaped cartilage that depresses during swallowing to cover the larynx
What type of epithelium is present in the bronchioles?
Simple columnar or cuboidal
Where is the site for gas exchange ?
Alveoli
What decreases surface tension within the alveoli?
Pulmonary surfactant
List the 2 types of cells present in alveoli
- Alveolar Type I
- Alveolar Type II
Which alveolar cells produces pulmonary surfactant?
Alveolar type II
List the 2 components of the Blood-Air Barrier
Type I Pneumocytes
Capillary endothelial cells
What epithelium is visceral pleura lined by?
Simple cuboidal/squamous
