Digestive System Flashcards
What are the 2 main components of the digestive tract?
Digestive tract and associated glands
Describe the functions of the digestive system
Digestion, Resorption, Excretion
List 5 parts of the Digestive system
- pharyngeal cavity
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestine
- liver
- pancreas
- salivary glands
What is the future epithelial lining of the digestive tract?
entoderm
What is the coelomic cavity?
The future peritoneal cavity
What determines the position of the digestive tract?
Fetal development
List the 5 layers of a organ wall
- T. Mucosa
- T. Submucosa
- T. Muscularis
- T. Subserosa
- T. Serosa
What are the 3 types of peritoneum in the peritoneal cavity?
- Parietal
- Visceral
- Intermediate
Name the peritoneum that attaches the liver to the body wall
Falciform ligament
Which direction does the stomach rotate in the embryo?
Counter Clockwise
What is the function of the mesentery?
Carry vessels and nerves to organs
Give examples of mesentery based on their attachment
- Mesoduodenum
- mesojejunum
The dorsal mesogastrium makes up what 4 parts
- Greater omentum
- omental bursa
- omental cavity
- epiploic foramen
The ventral mesogastrium makes up what 2 parts
- Lesser omentum
- Falciform ligament
The deep leaf, free edge and superficial wall make up what structure in the abdomen?
The omental bursa / epiploon
The entrance to thee omental bursa is the ______________
Epiploic foramen
Describe the function of the stomach
temporary food storage
What is the term used for the stomach’s function in feeding the young?
Social function
When the stomach is full, what does it occupy?
Left half of the abdominal cavity and pelvic inlet
List the 5 regions of the stomach
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pyloric part
- lesser/ greater tubercle
What are the 3 divisions of the duodenum?
- cranial, descending, ascending
Describe the cecum
Blind pouch; corkscrew shaped
Ascending, transverse and descending describes what part of the intestine
Colon
List the SI parts
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Illeum
What are the parts of the LI?
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
Where are lymph follicles only located in the intestine in mammals ?
Ileum
What is a key histophysiological feature of a mammal SI?
intestinal villi
Where do all single abdominal organs drain venous blood into?
Portal vein`
Where do paired organs drain venous blood?
Caudal Vena Cava
Blood supply to the stomach is seen as?
Redundant supply
What is the clinical significance of gastric arteries?
When doing a splenectomy, one should lígate as close to the splenic Hylus as possible to keep the gastric arteries that supply the greater curvature of the stomach
List and describe the 2 digestive system types that exist
- Polygastric (more than 1 stomach compartment)
- Monogastric ( single chambered stomach)
List and describe the 2 digestive system types that exist
- Polygastric (more than 1 stomach compartment)
- Monogastric ( single chambered stomach)
What is the main difference between polygastric and monogastric digestion?
Polygastrics can digest cellulose very effectively compared to monogastrics
The polymer that is described as repeated glucose units linked via B 1,4 linkages is:
Cellulose
Which enzyme is made by gut bacteria in herbivores?
Cellulase
What is broken down by amylase?
Starch
What is aided by mucosa specialization and smooth muscle movement of the GIT?
Digestion
The GIT can be described as “________” to “__________”
Mouth to anus
Describe in order the alimentary canal
oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
SI
LI
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are classified as ?
Accessory Digestive Organs
What is a term that can be used for abdominal organs of digestion?
Visceral organs
Describe the functions of the system
- digestion: hydrolyzed into monomers
- Absorption: monomers pass through SI inner mucosa
- Motility: movement through tract
- secretion: exocrine and endocrine
- Storage/elimination
4 parts to Motility are:
Ingestion
Mastication
Deglutition (swallowing)
Peristalsis
Define zymogens
Inactive enzymes
Where are the active digestive enzymes located?
Within the GIT lumen
What prevents leakage into the SI wall?
tight junctions of mucosa epithelial cells
What is considered the “Second brain”?
The enteric NS / Intrinsic NS
What does the ENS regulate?
The digestive system (coordinate GI mov, dig, absorb, control appetite, Intergrity of mucosal, maintainence)
Where is the ENS system located?
Submucosal plexus and Myenteric
Which plexus regulates enzymes and blood flow in the ENS?
Submucosal plexus (Meisnners)
True or False : The ENS can operate autonomously
True
Efferent, afferent, and interneurons make up (extrinsic or intrinsic) innervation to the GIT?
Intrinsic
The para and sympathetic system innervation type is (extrinsic or intrinsic)?
Extrinsic
The parasympathetic NS (increases/decreases) GIT motility.
Increases
The sympathetic NS (increases/decreases) GIT motility.
Decreases
What does the duodenum secrete?
Secretins
What hormone stimulates the pancreatic duct to secrete bicarbonate and water?
Secretin
What is secreted by the stomach to stimulate cells?
Gastric
List the gastric cells and what they secrete
- Parietal = HCl
- Chief = Pepsinogen
What is secreted by the SI that stimulates the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin
Which enzyme is released that inhibits insulin production?
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Which enzyme stimulates pancreatic islets to produce insulin?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
What is the largest lymphoid organ in the body?
GIT
What are the 2 accessory organs of the GI?
Liver and Pancreas
Describe the functions of the liver
The detox center and bile production
List the 6 liver lobes
-left and right lateral
- left and right medial
- quadrate
- caudate
Between which two lobes of the liver does the GB lie?
R medial and quadrate
What anchors the liver to the diaphragm?
Triangular ligament
What is the nutritive blood supply to the liver?
The Hepatic portal vein
What structure drains the liver?
Hepatic artery
What structure encircles the venous structures of the liver?
Coronary ligament
What is the name of the enclosure where the arteries, veins, GB and bile duct come out off the liver?
Porta Hepatis
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Store the bile produced by the liver
What is the duct called at the neck of the Gallbladder?
Cystic duct
What are the GB ducts that drain the liver lobes?
Hepatic ducts
What GB duct empties into the duodenum?
Bile duct
What layer encircles the bile duct?
T. Muscularis
What duct opens with the bile duct at the major duodenal papillae?
Pancreatic duct
A liver lobule is described as:
Hepatocytes around a central vein
2 liver lobules make up an _____________
Acinus
Describe the function of the pancreas
Produce digestive enzymes and hormones
What is the main duct of the pancreas in the dog?
The accessory duct
What are the exocrine parts of the pancreas?
Zymogens and acinar cells
list the 3 endocrine cells of the pancreas and their secretion
- alpha: glucagon
- beta: insulin
- delta: somatostatin
What does insulin do?
Stimulates glucose uptake
