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A & P 2 Lab > Respiratory System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

includes the pulmonary arteries and veins, the thoracic cage, the lungs, and the respiratory tract

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

includes the nose and nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tree

A

respiratory tract

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3
Q

the terminal structures of the respiratory tract, tiny air sac arranged in grapelike clusters through which gases are exchanged

A

alveoli

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4
Q

paired spongy organs in the thoracic cavity that consist of millions of alveoli

A

lungs

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5
Q

pharynx is also called

A

the throat

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6
Q

the larynx is also called

A

the voice box

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7
Q

the trachea is also called

A

the windpipe

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8
Q

includes the passageways from the nasal cavity to the larynx

A

upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

includes the passageways from the trachea to the respiratory tract’s terminal structures, the alveoli

A

lower respiratory tract

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10
Q

the conduits through which air travels on its way in and out of the body as it is inspired, or inhaled, and expired, or exhaled

A

conducting zone

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11
Q

air is filtered, warmed, and moistened as it travels through the many passages of the

A

conducting zone

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12
Q

where gases are exchanged

A

respiratory zone

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13
Q

the process that provides the body’s cells with oxygen and removes the waste product carbon dioxide

A

respiration

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14
Q

What are the four separate processes respiration includes?

A

1) pulmonary ventilation
2) pulmonary gas exchange
3) gas transport in the blood
4) tissue gas exchange

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15
Q

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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16
Q

the movement of gases between the lungs and the blood

A

pulmonary gas exchange

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17
Q

the movement of gases through the blood

A

gas transport

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18
Q

the movement of gases between the blood and the tissues

A

tissue gas exchange

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19
Q

moisten, warm, and filter the inspired air; house olfactory receptors; and enhance voice resonance

A

the nose and nasal cavity

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20
Q

the nasal cavity extends from and is divided by?

A
  • extends from the anterior nares to the posterior nares

* divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum

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21
Q

what is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

with respiratory mucosa, a portion of the roof of the nasal cavity is line with olfactory mucosa

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22
Q

what are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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23
Q
  • lies posterior to the nasal cavity
  • lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • functions to warm, humidify, and filter the inspired (like the pharynx)
  • extends from the posterior nares to a part of the soft palate, uvula
A

nasopharynx

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24
Q
  • located posterior to the oral cavity
  • serves as a passageway for both food and air
  • lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • extends from the uvula to the tip of the larynx
A

oropharynx

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25
Q
  • extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
  • serves as a passageway for both food and air
  • lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium to prevent abrasion from food
A

laryngopharynx

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26
Q
  • protects the airway and produces sound
  • keeps food and liquids out of the rest of the respiratory tract
  • lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A

larynx

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27
Q

what are the nine pieces of cartilage the larynx is framed with?

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • the paired arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform cartilages
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28
Q

seals off the larynx during swallowing to prevent food or liquid from entering the respiratory tract

A

epiglottis

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29
Q

what are the two sets of mucosal folds that the larynx contains?

A
  • vestibular folds

* vocal folds

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30
Q
  • also called the false vocal cords

* function in closing off the glottis during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

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31
Q

also called the true vocal cords

A

vocal folds

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32
Q

vibrate to produce sound when air is passed over them

A

elastic vocal ligaments

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33
Q

the largest piece of the larynx’s framework, forming its anterior and superior walls
* attached superiorly to the hyoid bone and inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage by fibrous membranes

A

thyroid cartilage

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34
Q

known as the Adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

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35
Q
  • inferior to the thyroid cartilage

* attached to it by a thin membrane called the cricothyroid ligament

A

cricoid cartilage

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36
Q

site for a procedure sometimes performed on a choking victim, called cricothyroidotomy

A

cricoid cartilage

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37
Q

Proper functioning of the respiratory system is critical in maintaining?

A

Acid-base balance in the extracellular fluid, this system controls one of the primary buffer systems in the body

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38
Q

the respiratory system synthesizes an enzyme involved in the production of

A

angiotensin-II

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39
Q

involved in maintaining acid-base homeostasis and is also critical in maintaining blood pressure and fluid homeostasis

A

angiotensin-II

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40
Q

secrete mucus

A

goblet cells

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41
Q
  • triangular pieces of cartilage that are involved in sound production
  • they attach to the vocal folds and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
A

arytenoid cartilages

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42
Q
  • function in sound production

* small pieces capped on the arytenoid cartilages

A

corniculate cartilage

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43
Q
  • found in the lateral wall of the larynx

* help to support the epiglottis

A

cuneiform cartilage

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44
Q
  • delivers this air to the lower structures of the respiratory tract
  • hollow tube about 2cm in diameter and about 10-12cm long
A

trachea

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45
Q
  • walls consist of a mucosa composed of respiratory epithelium
  • contains C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep the airway open
A

trachea

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46
Q

a series of progressively smaller tubes that terminate in tiny alveoli, the structures of gas exchange

A

bronchial tree

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47
Q

where does the bronchial tree begin?

A

with the right and left primary bronchi

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48
Q

the smallest passageways of the bronchial tree are the

A

bronchioles

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49
Q

the last branches of the conducting zone are the

A

terminal bronchioles

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50
Q

what do terminal bronchioles lead to?

A

respiratory bronchioles, which begin the respiratory zone and lead to alveolar ducts

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51
Q

To get to the alveoli, our inhaled air had to pass through?

A

nares(anterior and posterior)—-> nasal cavity—-> nasopharynx—> oropharynx—> laryngopharynx—> larynx—> trachea—> primary bronchi—> secondary bronchi—> tertiary bronchi—> multiple branches of bronchi—> bronchioles—> terminal bronchioles—> respiratory bronchioles—> alveolar ducts—> alveolar sacs

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52
Q

majority of alveoli are located in groups called

A

alveolar sacs

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53
Q

each round, thin-walled alveolus has three cell types that include

A
  • type I alveolar cells
  • type II alveolar cells
  • alveolar macrophages
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54
Q
  • squamous cells that make up about 90% of the cells in the alveolar wall
  • exceedingly thin, which permits rapid diffusion of gases across their cell membranes
A

type I alveolar cells

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55
Q
  • small cuboidal cells that make up about 10% of the cells in the alveolar wall
  • secrete surfactant
A

type II alveolar cells

56
Q

helps to reduce the surface tension on the alveoli

A

surfactant

57
Q
  • phagocytes derived from cells formed in the bone marrow
  • clean up debris in the alveoli
  • directly involved with an agent that causes a potentially serious respiratory infection
A

alveolar macrophages

58
Q

the very thin type I alveolar cells help make up what is known as

A

the respiratory membrane

59
Q

the barrier through which gases must diffuse

A

the respiratory membrane

60
Q

the respiratory membrane has three major parts which include

A
  • type I alveolar cells
  • basal lamina
  • capillary endothelial cells
61
Q

the lobes of the lung are divided into

A

bronchopulmonary segments

62
Q

each lung is enclosed by?

A

pleural cavity

63
Q

filled with serous fluid, which reduces friction during ventilation

A

pleural cavity

64
Q

depends on pressure gradients that drive inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

65
Q

states that a gas under constant temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely related. this means that as the volume of a container increases, its pressure decreases. as the volume of a container decreases, its pressure increases

A

Boyle’s law

66
Q

increase the volume of the lungs

A

inspiratory muscles

67
Q

the main inspiratory muscle is?

A

the diaphragm

68
Q

the other inspiratory muscle is?

A

external intercostal muscles

69
Q

expiration during normal quiet breathing is passive due to?

A

the elastic recoil of the lungs

70
Q

as the lungs recoil, what happens to the volume of the lungs?

A

the volume decreases

71
Q

when he inspiratory muscles relax what two things happen?

A
  • the diaphragm resumes its original dome shape, which pushes up on the lungs
  • the elastic tissue in the lungs recoils, and the lungs snap back into a smaller size
72
Q

help keep the alveoli inflated and prevent obstruction of the airways

A

nonrespiratory movements

73
Q

What three pressures are at work during the process of ventilation?

A
  • atmospheric pressure
  • intrapulmonary pressure
  • intrapleural pressure
74
Q

the pressure exerted by the air around us

A

atmospheric pressure

75
Q

the pressure with the alveoli. it varies during inspiration and expiration, but it always eventually equilibrates with atmospheric pressure

A

intrapulmonary pressure

76
Q

the pressure within the pleural cavity. it also varies with inspiration and expiration, but it is normally less than the intrapulmonary pressure, a state that prevents the lungs from collapsing

A

intrapleural pressure

77
Q

During inspiration, the volume of the lungs increases, causing a decrease in?

A

intrapulmonary pressure below atmospheric pressure

78
Q

During expiration, the volume of the lungs decreases, causing an increase in?

A

intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric pressure

79
Q

What three physical factors determine the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • airway resistance
  • alveolar surface tension
  • pulmonary compliance
80
Q

defined as the impedance to air flow, and any increase in airway resistance decreases the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation

A

airway resistance

81
Q

defined as the attraction created by hydrogen bonding between water molecules that tends to collapse the alveoli

A

alveolar surface tension

82
Q

refers to the ability of the lungs to stretch.

A

pulmonary compliance

83
Q

if pulmonary compliance decreases what occurs?

A

the lungs are less able to expand, and the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation decreases

84
Q

lung function may be assessed using measurements taken with?

A

spirometer

85
Q

relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle

A

bronchodilation

86
Q

when the smooth muscle contract it is called

A

bronchoconstriction

87
Q

Pulmonary compliance is determined by three factors which include?

A
  • degree of alveolar surface tension
  • distensibility of elastic tissue in the lungs
  • ability of the chest wall to move
88
Q

Three volumes in the lungs can be measured, they include?

A
  • tidal volume (TV)
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
89
Q

the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet ventilation

A

tidal volume

90
Q

in the average healthy adult, the tidal volume is about?

A

500 ml of air

91
Q

the air that remains in the conducting zone airways is said to be?

A

in the anatomical dead space

92
Q

Out of a 500 ml tidal inspiration which portion is involved in gas exchange and which portion fills the anatomical dead space?

A

350 ml in gas exchange

150 ml fills anatomical dead space

93
Q

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli multiplied by the breaths per minute, averages about 4.2.liters per minute

A

alveolar ventilation rate

94
Q

refers to the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal tidal inspiration
*averages 2100-3300 ml of air, which is dependent on a person’s gender and size

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

95
Q

refers to the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration
*averages about 700-1200 ml of air

A

expiratory reserve volume (ESV)

96
Q

a fourth pulmonary volume, which cannot be assessed by spirometry, is called

A

residual volume

97
Q

the air that remains in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume (RV)

98
Q

two or more of the pulmonary volumes can be combined to create what are called?

A

pulmonary capacities

99
Q

the four pulmonary capacities are?

A
  • inspiratory capacity
  • functional residual capacity
  • vital capacity
  • total lung capacity
100
Q

the total amount of air that a person can inspire after after a tidal expiration

  • equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
  • can be measured using spirometry
A

inspiratory capacity

101
Q

the amount of air that is normally left in the lungs after a tidal expiration
*the sum of the ERV and the IRV

A

functional residual capacity

102
Q

represents the total amount of exchangeable air, or the total amount of air that can move in or out of the lungs
*equals the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ESV)

A

vital capacity

103
Q

represents the total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in the lungs
* it is the total of all of the pulmonary volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV.

A

total lung capacity

104
Q

states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases

A

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

105
Q

states that the degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is proportional to its pressure and its solubility in that liquid

A

Henry’s law

106
Q

the exchange of gases in which oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

A

pulmonary gas exchange

107
Q

effectiveness depends on the surface area of respiratory membrane, the thickness of the respiratory membrane, and the match between ventilation and perfusion

A

pulmonary gas exchange

108
Q

Hemoglobin binds and releases O2 via two reactions known as

A

loading and unloading reactions

109
Q

oxygen from alveoli binds to hemoglobin in the pulmonary capillaries during

A

loading

110
Q

hemoglobin in the systemic capillaries releases oxygen to tissue cells during

A

unloading

111
Q

Hemoglobin’s ability to load and unload depends on which two factors?

A
  • the PO2 in the lungs or tissues

* the tightness with which hemoglobin binds oxygen, also called the affinity, or the bond strength , of hemoglobin

112
Q

the percent of hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called

A

percent saturation of Hb

113
Q

What is one of the main determinants of the percents saturation of Hb is?

A

the PO2 of the blood and tissues

114
Q

the higher the PO2 of the blood, the more?

A

loading reaction is favored, because more O2 molecules are available to bind to Hb

115
Q

the relationship between PO2 and percent saturation of Hb is shown in the?

A

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

116
Q

these values are on the left-hand side of the graph

A

percent O2 saturation of Hb

117
Q

along the bottom of the graph is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

A

blood PO2

118
Q

Four main factors can change the affinity of Hb for oxygen by altering Hb’s shape

A
  • temperature
  • the pH of the blood
  • P CO2
  • BPG (bisphosphoglycerate)
119
Q

a key factor that allows people to live at higher altitudes or with poor pulmonary function, both situations result in lower in PO2 levels and less saturation of Hb with oxygen

A

BPG

120
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three ways

A
  • dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
  • bound to Hb (20%)
  • bicarbonate ions (70%)
121
Q

In erythrocytes, carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate by being?

A

combined with water in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

122
Q

one of the primary buffer systems in the body is?

A

the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

123
Q

What occurs when PCO2 increases?

A

raises carbonic acid and lowers blood pH

124
Q

What occurs when PCO2 decreases?

A

lowers carbonic acid and raises blood pH

125
Q

groups of neurons in the medulla of the brainstem maintain?

A

eupnea

126
Q

sets the basic pattern of ventilation

A

respiratory rhythm generator

127
Q

consists of both inspiratory neurons that stimulate the inspiratory muscles and expiratory neurons that stimulate the accessory muscles of expiration

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

128
Q

consists mostly of inspiratory neurons that stimulate the inspiratory muscles

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

129
Q

respond to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations and PCO2 of the CSF

A

central chemoreceptors

130
Q

Other mechanisms that influence pulmonary ventilation include?

A
  • peripheral chemoreceptors in the aotic

* carotid bodies that respond to the PO2 of the arterial blood

131
Q

decrease pulmonary compliance (ability to stretch)

*decreases the effectiveness of inspiration, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity

A

restrictive lung disease

132
Q

increase airway resistance

A

obstructive lung diseases

133
Q

defined as persistent airway obstruction that is not fully reversible

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

134
Q

an obstructive disease in which airways are hyperresponsive to a trigger of some sort
*bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and increased secretion of excessively thick mucus occurs

A

asthma

135
Q

refers to tumors that arise from the epithelium of the lung tissue

A

lung cancer

A & P 2 Lab (6 decks)

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