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A & P 2 Lab > Quiz 1/ Practical > Flashcards

Quiz 1/ Practical Flashcards

1
Q

the primary formed element of the blood; biconcave disc-shaped cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide on its hemoglobin molecules

A

erythrocyte

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2
Q

a class formed elements of blood that perform functions relating to the immune system

A

leukocyte

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3
Q

contain cytoplasmic granules that the cells release when activated

A

granulocytes

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4
Q

lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

agranulocytes

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5
Q
  • nucleus has 3-5 lobes

* cytoplasmic granules are not visible

A

neutrophil

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6
Q
  • nucleus is bilobed

* cytoplasmic granules stain red

A

eosinophil

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7
Q
  • nucleus is S-shaped

* cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple

A

basophil

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8
Q

which classes/types of leukocytes are considered to be granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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9
Q
  • nucleus is spherical

* thin rim of light blue cytoplasm becomes visible when cell is stained

A

lymphocyte

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10
Q
  • nucleus is U-shaped

* light blue to purple cytoplasm

A

monocyte

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11
Q

which classes/types of leukocytes are considered to be agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocyte

* monocyte

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12
Q
  • most common type of leukocyte making up 60-70% of total leukocytes in blood
  • attracted to injured cells
  • directly kill bacteria by phagocytosis
A

neutrophils

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13
Q
  • this leukocyte only accounts for less than 4% of total leukocytes in blood
  • involved in the body’s response to infection with parasitic worms and in allergic reactions
A

eosinophils

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14
Q
  • least common leukocyte
  • makes up less than 1% of total leukocytes in the blood
  • release chemicals from their granules that mediate inflammation
A

basophils

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15
Q
  • second most numerous type of leukocyte
  • makes up to 20-25% of total leukocytes of blood
  • contain two basic types that are activated by cellular markers called antigens
A

lymphocytes

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16
Q
  • the largest leukocytes
  • accounts for 3-8% of the total leukocyte population
  • some mature into very active phagocytes called macrophages
A

monocytes

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17
Q
  • smallest of the formed elements
  • involved in hemostasis
  • not true cells, small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
  • lack nuclei
A

platelets

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18
Q

the cells and cell fragments suspended into the plasma

A

formed elements

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19
Q

what are the three types of formed elements found in blood?

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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20
Q

a protein with four polypeptide subunits, each associated with a iron-containing heme group

A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

what is the order of development of an erythrocyte?

A

hematopoietic stem cell -> proerythroblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

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22
Q

old and damaged erythrocytes are destroyed in this organ?

A

spleen

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23
Q

stoppage of blood loss from an injured vessel

A

hemostasis

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24
Q

a collections of platelets, clotting proteins, and other formed elements

A

blood clot

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25
Q

what are the phases of hemostasis?

A 
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
clot retraction
thrombolysis
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26
Q

what are the two major groups of erythrocyte antigens?

A

ABO and Rh group

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27
Q

what is blood typing based on?

A

the presence or absence of antigens from the ABO and Rh groups

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28
Q

what are the three type of antibodies found in blood?

A

A- antibodies
B- antibodies
Rh- antibodies

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29
Q

how is blood type determined?

A

by treating erythrocytes with antibodies and watching for agglutination reactions

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30
Q

which blood type is the universal donor?

A

Type- O

lack antigens of the ABO and Rh groups

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31
Q

which blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB+

lacks anti A, anti B, and anti-Rh antibodies

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32
Q

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

A

Anemia

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33
Q

two-sided pump that drives blood into the blood vessels

A

heart

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34
Q

where does the atria receive and pump blood?

A

the atria receive blood from the veins and pump blood into the ventricles

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35
Q

where does the ventricles pump blood?

A

the ventriclespump blood into the arteries

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36
Q

what is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

pulmonary pump that pumps deoxygenated blood through the vessels of the pulmonary circuit

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37
Q

what is the function of the left side of the heart?

A

systemic pump that drives oxygenated blood through the systemic circuit

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38
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

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39
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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40
Q

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

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41
Q

what is the serous fluid layer called between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity

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42
Q

consists of the coronary arteries, which supply the myocardium with blood, and the coronary vein, which drain the myocardium

A

coronary circulation

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43
Q

what are the main two branches of the left coronary artery?

A

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

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44
Q

the large vessel that receives blood from the coronary veins and empties it into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

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45
Q

what are the 3 veins that the coronary sinus receives blood from?

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

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46
Q

what are the 4 main great vessels?

A
  • venae cavae “(superior & inferior)
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
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47
Q

what are the 2 atria separated by?

A

interatrial septum

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48
Q

what are the 2 ventricles separated by?

A

interventricular septum

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49
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle?

A

pumps against higher pressure

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50
Q

blood flowing into the ventricles passes through which valves?

A

tricuspid valve

mitral valve

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51
Q

blood flowing out of the ventricles passes through what 2 valves?

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

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52
Q

the structure that joins the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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53
Q
  • upper chamber of the heart
  • receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
  • sends the blood to the right ventricle
A

right atrium

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54
Q
  • upper chamber of the heart
  • receives blood from the pulmonary veins
  • sends the blood to the left ventricle
A

left atrium

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55
Q

flap-like extension that expands to increase the volume blood the atrium may hold

A

auricle

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56
Q
  • lower chamber of the heart
  • receives blood from the right atrium
  • sends blood to the pulmonary trunk
A

right ventricle

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57
Q
  • lower chamber of the heart
  • receives blood from the left atrium
  • sends blood to the aorta
A

left ventricle

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58
Q
  • carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

* drains upper regions of the body

A

superior vena cana

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59
Q
  • carries deoxygenated blood to the left atrium

* drains lower regions of the body

A

inferior vena cava

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60
Q

*carries oxygenated blood to the systemic arteries *receives from the left ventricle

A

aorta

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61
Q
  • carries oxygenated blood from right lung

* delivers to left atrium

A

right pulmonary veins

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62
Q
  • carries oxygenated blood from the left lung

* delivers to left atrium

A

left pulmonary veins

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63
Q
  • carries deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries

* receives from the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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64
Q
  • arises from right side of aorta
  • occupies coronary sulcus
  • small branches supply right atrium
  • divides into posterior interventricular artery and marginal arteries
A

right coronary artery

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65
Q
  • arises from left side of aorta
  • passes posterior to pulmonary trunk
  • divides into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
A

left coronary artery

66
Q
  • branch of coronary artery
  • occupies posterior coronary sulcus
  • supplies left atrium and posterior left ventricle
A

circumflex artery

67
Q
  • branch of left coronary artery
  • occupies anterior interventricular sulcus
  • supplies left ventricle and interventricular septum
A

anterior interventricular artery

68
Q
  • occupies anterior interventricular sulcus
  • drains left ventricle and interventricular septum
  • empties into coronary sinus
A

great cardiac vein

69
Q
  • an enlarged vein
  • occupies posterior part of coronary sulcus
  • drains blood from cardiac veins
  • empties into the right atrium
A

coronary sinus

70
Q
  • occupies posterior interventricular sulcus
  • drains distal areas of both ventricles
  • empties into the coronary sinus
A

middle cardiac vein

71
Q
  • branch of right coronary artery
  • occupies posterior interventricular sulcus
  • supplies distal areas of both ventricles
A

posterior interventricular artery

72
Q

prevents backflow into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

pulmonary valve

73
Q

prevents backflow into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

aortic valve

74
Q

prevents backflow into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

A

tricuspid valve

75
Q

prevents backflow into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

A

bicuspid valve

76
Q

list the path of blood flow in pulmonary circulation

A

venules -> veins -> superior and inferior vena ->

right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

77
Q

list the path of blood flow in systemic circulation

A

pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries-> rest of body

78
Q

cells that contract in response to action potentials via the sliding-filament mechanism

A

cardiac muscle cells

79
Q

non contractile and nonstriated cardiac muscle cells that are autorhythmic and spontaneously generate action potentiaks

A

pacemaker cells

80
Q
  • influx of calcium ions as potassium ions exit
  • lengthens the action potential
  • lengthens and strengthens the hearts contraction
  • lengthens the refractory period
A

plateau phase

81
Q

pacemaker of the heart (paces the heart at 60 or more beats per minute)

A

Sinoatrial node

82
Q

paces the heart at 40 beats per minute

A

atrioventricular node

83
Q

the purkinje system consists of?

A

AV bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

84
Q

measures the electrical changes in the heart

A

electrocardiogram

85
Q

describes the physiology of cardiac pumping

A

mechanical physiology

86
Q

heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves at the beginning of isovolumetric contraction

87
Q

heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar vales at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation

88
Q

what are the four stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation

89
Q

the volume of blood in the ventricles after atrial systole

A

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

90
Q

the blood remaining in the ventricles

A

end- systolic volume (ESV)

91
Q

blood drains from the atria to the ventricles

A

ventricular filling

92
Q

both valves are shut and ventricular volume remains constant

A

isovolumetric contraction

93
Q
  • when pressure in the ventricles rise above the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • blood ejected from the ventricles through the semilunar valves
A

ventricular ejection

94
Q
  • when the ventricles re-enter diastole
  • both sets of valves are closed
  • volume in the ventricles remains constant
A

isovolumetric relaxation

95
Q

wave that represents atrial depolarization

96
Q

wave that represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

97
Q

wave that represents ventricular repolarization

98
Q

wave that represents the entire duration of a cardiac action potential

A

R-R interval

99
Q

the wave that represents the duration of atrial repolarization and AV node delay

A

P-R interval

100
Q

the wave that represents the entire duration of a ventricular action potential

A

Q-T interval

101
Q

the wave that represents ventricular plateau phase

A

S-T sement

102
Q

what are the 3 types of arteries that the pulmonary and systemic circuits consists of?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
103
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers of a blood vessel?

A
  • tunic intima
  • tunic media
  • tunic externa
104
Q

the inner most layer of the blood vessel composed of endothelium and its basal lamina, a thin layer of connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina

A

tunic intima

105
Q

middle layer of the blood vessel composed of smooth muscle cells and the external elastic lamina

A

tunic media

106
Q

outermost layer of the blood vessel composed of supportive connective tissue

A

tunic externa

107
Q

what are the 3 main types of arteries?

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • arterioles
108
Q

arteries that are closest to the heart and have an extensive elastic laminae

A

Elastic arteries

109
Q

arteries that are intermediate in diameter and deliver blood to organs

A

muscular arteries

110
Q

smallest diameter arteries that control blood flow to tissues

A

arterioles

111
Q

receptors that monitor blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

112
Q

smallest veins that drain capillary beds

113
Q

what are the 3 types of anastomoses?

A

arterial
venous
arteriovenous

114
Q

study of blood flow in the cardiovascular system

A

hemodynamics

115
Q

the force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

116
Q

the volume of blood that flows through the systemic and pulmonary circuit in a minute

A

bloof flow

117
Q

impedance to blood flood

A

resistance

118
Q

what are the 3 factors that determine blood pressure?

A

resistance
cardiac ouput
blood volume

119
Q

the volume of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circiuis in one minute

A

cardiac output

120
Q

the sequence of mechanical events in the heart that takes place from one heartbeat to the next

A

cardiac cycle

121
Q

this pressure is 95mm Hg

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

122
Q

this pressure is 120mm Hg

A

systolic pressuree

123
Q

this pressure is 80mm Hg

A

diastolic pressure

124
Q

the difference in the systolic and diastolic pressures (35mm Hg)

A

pulse pressure

125
Q

how is MAP calculated?

A

by adding 1/3 of the pulse pressure to the diastolic pressure

126
Q

what is arterial blood pressure measure with?

A

sphygmomanometer

127
Q

what causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels?

A

sympathetic nervous system releasing epinephrine or norepinephrine

128
Q

what causes vasodilation of the blood vessels?

A

parasympathetic nervous system releasing acetylcholine

129
Q

high blood pressure (systolic pressure over 140mm Hg and diastolic pressure over 90mm Hg)

A

hypertension

130
Q

low blood pressure (systolic pressure under 90mm Hg and diastolic pressure under 60mm Hg)

A

hypotension

131
Q

the blood flow through a capillary bed to a tissue

A

tissue perfusion

132
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoidal capillaries

133
Q

a types of capillary joined by tight junctions, and therefore not leaky

A

continuous capillaries

134
Q

a type of capillary that contains fenestrations that makes them leakier than continuous capillaries

A

fenestrated capillaries

135
Q

a type of capillary that have large pores and their endothelium cells makes them extremely leaky

A

sinusoidal capillaries

136
Q

pressure caused by the force that the blood exerts on the wall of a blood vessel

A

hydrostatic pressure

137
Q

pressure caused by solutes particles in a solution exert a force on water molecules

A

osmotic pressure

138
Q

pressure caused by osmotic pressure being higher in the blood than in the interstitial fluid

A

colloid osmotic pressure

139
Q

the pressure thats the difference between the opposing forces of the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the colloid osmotic pressure

A

net filtration pressure

140
Q

caused by an excessive amount of water in the interstitial fluid

141
Q

what are the four divisions of the aorta?

A

ascendind aorta
aorticarch
descending thoracic aorta
descending abdominal aorta

142
Q

what are the 3 branches of the aorta?

A

brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

143
Q

what does the common iliac arteries divide into?

A

internal (supply pelvis)and external (supply lower limb) iliac arteries

144
Q

arteries that supply the superficial head and face

A

external carotid arteries

145
Q

arteries that supply blood to the brain stems

A

internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

146
Q

trunk that supplies the liver, pancreas, duodenum, stomach, and spleen

A

celiac trunk

147
Q

an artery that supplies the small intestine and much of the large intesine

A

superior mesenteric artery

148
Q

arteries that supplies the kidneys

A

renal arteries

149
Q

supplies the remainder of the large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric artery

150
Q

supplies the upper limb and branches to become the axillary artery and the brachial artery

A

subclavian artery

151
Q

artery that splits into the radial and ulnar areteries

A

brachial artey

152
Q

becomes the femoral artery

A

external iliac artery

153
Q

becomes the popliteal artery

A

femoral artery

154
Q

splits into the anterior tibial artery (becomes the dorsalis pedalis) and the posterior tibial artery

A

popliteal artery

155
Q

blood from the head and neck drains into what vein?

A

external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, vertebral veins

156
Q

blood from the brain drains into what sinus?

A

dural sinuses

157
Q

blood from the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls drain

A

internal thoracic veins

158
Q

blood from the posterior thoracic and abdominal walls drain

A

azygos system

159
Q

what veins drain into the inferior vena cava?

A

gonadal, renal and hepatic veins

160
Q

what veins drain into the hepatic portal vein

A

splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric veins

161
Q

the upper limb is drained by which superficial and deep veins?

A

(superficial) cephalic vein, meddial antebrachial vein, basilic vein. (deep) radial and ulnar veins, brachial vein, axillary, and subclavian vein

162
Q

the lower limb is drained by which superficial and deep veins?

A

(superficial) great and small saphenous veins. (deep) anterior and posterior tibial veins, popliteal vein, and femoral vein

A & P 2 Lab (6 decks)

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