Quiz 1/ Practical Flashcards
1
Q
the primary formed element of the blood; biconcave disc-shaped cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide on its hemoglobin molecules
A
erythrocyte
2
Q
a class formed elements of blood that perform functions relating to the immune system
A
leukocyte
3
Q
contain cytoplasmic granules that the cells release when activated
A
granulocytes
4
Q
lack visible cytoplasmic granules
A
agranulocytes
5
Q
- nucleus has 3-5 lobes
* cytoplasmic granules are not visible
A
neutrophil
6
Q
- nucleus is bilobed
* cytoplasmic granules stain red
A
eosinophil
7
Q
- nucleus is S-shaped
* cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple
A
basophil
8
Q
which classes/types of leukocytes are considered to be granulocytes?
A
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
9
Q
- nucleus is spherical
* thin rim of light blue cytoplasm becomes visible when cell is stained
A
lymphocyte
10
Q
- nucleus is U-shaped
* light blue to purple cytoplasm
A
monocyte
11
Q
which classes/types of leukocytes are considered to be agranulocytes?
A
- lymphocyte
* monocyte
12
Q
- most common type of leukocyte making up 60-70% of total leukocytes in blood
- attracted to injured cells
- directly kill bacteria by phagocytosis
A
neutrophils
13
Q
- this leukocyte only accounts for less than 4% of total leukocytes in blood
- involved in the body’s response to infection with parasitic worms and in allergic reactions
A
eosinophils
14
Q
- least common leukocyte
- makes up less than 1% of total leukocytes in the blood
- release chemicals from their granules that mediate inflammation
A
basophils
15
Q
- second most numerous type of leukocyte
- makes up to 20-25% of total leukocytes of blood
- contain two basic types that are activated by cellular markers called antigens
A
lymphocytes
16
Q
- the largest leukocytes
- accounts for 3-8% of the total leukocyte population
- some mature into very active phagocytes called macrophages
A
monocytes
17
Q
- smallest of the formed elements
- involved in hemostasis
- not true cells, small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
- lack nuclei
A
platelets
18
Q
the cells and cell fragments suspended into the plasma
A
formed elements
19
Q
what are the three types of formed elements found in blood?
A
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
20
Q
a protein with four polypeptide subunits, each associated with a iron-containing heme group
A
hemoglobin
21
Q
what is the order of development of an erythrocyte?
A
hematopoietic stem cell -> proerythroblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
22
Q
old and damaged erythrocytes are destroyed in this organ?
A
spleen
23
Q
stoppage of blood loss from an injured vessel
A
hemostasis
24
Q
a collections of platelets, clotting proteins, and other formed elements
A
blood clot
25
what are the phases of hemostasis?
```
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
clot retraction
thrombolysis
```
26
what are the two major groups of erythrocyte antigens?
ABO and Rh group
27
what is blood typing based on?
the presence or absence of antigens from the ABO and Rh groups
28
what are the three type of antibodies found in blood?
A- antibodies
B- antibodies
Rh- antibodies
29
how is blood type determined?
by treating erythrocytes with antibodies and watching for agglutination reactions
30
which blood type is the universal donor?
Type- O
| lack antigens of the ABO and Rh groups
31
which blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB+
| lacks anti A, anti B, and anti-Rh antibodies
32
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Anemia
33
two-sided pump that drives blood into the blood vessels
heart
34
where does the atria receive and pump blood?
the atria receive blood from the veins and pump blood into the ventricles
35
where does the ventricles pump blood?
the ventriclespump blood into the arteries
36
what is the function of the right side of the heart?
pulmonary pump that pumps deoxygenated blood through the vessels of the pulmonary circuit
37
what is the function of the left side of the heart?
systemic pump that drives oxygenated blood through the systemic circuit
38
what are the three layers of the heart wall?
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
39
what are the two layers of the pericardium?
fibrous pericardium
| serous pericardium
40
what are the two layers of the serous pericardium?
parietal pericardium
| visceral pericardium
41
what is the serous fluid layer called between the parietal and visceral pericardium?
pericardial cavity
42
consists of the coronary arteries, which supply the myocardium with blood, and the coronary vein, which drain the myocardium
coronary circulation
43
what are the main two branches of the left coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery
| circumflex artery
44
the large vessel that receives blood from the coronary veins and empties it into the right atrium
coronary sinus
45
what are the 3 veins that the coronary sinus receives blood from?
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
46
what are the 4 main great vessels?
* venae cavae "(superior & inferior)
* pulmonary trunk
* pulmonary veins
* aorta
47
what are the 2 atria separated by?
interatrial septum
48
what are the 2 ventricles separated by?
interventricular septum
49
why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle?
pumps against higher pressure
50
blood flowing into the ventricles passes through which valves?
tricuspid valve
| mitral valve
51
blood flowing out of the ventricles passes through what 2 valves?
aortic valve
| pulmonary valve
52
the structure that joins the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
ligamentum arteriosum
53
* upper chamber of the heart
* receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
* sends the blood to the right ventricle
right atrium
54
* upper chamber of the heart
* receives blood from the pulmonary veins
* sends the blood to the left ventricle
left atrium
55
flap-like extension that expands to increase the volume blood the atrium may hold
auricle
56
* lower chamber of the heart
* receives blood from the right atrium
* sends blood to the pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
57
* lower chamber of the heart
* receives blood from the left atrium
* sends blood to the aorta
left ventricle
58
* carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
| * drains upper regions of the body
superior vena cana
59
* carries deoxygenated blood to the left atrium
| * drains lower regions of the body
inferior vena cava
60
*carries oxygenated blood to the systemic arteries *receives from the left ventricle
aorta
61
* carries oxygenated blood from right lung
| * delivers to left atrium
right pulmonary veins
62
* carries oxygenated blood from the left lung
| * delivers to left atrium
left pulmonary veins
63
* carries deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries
| * receives from the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
64
* arises from right side of aorta
* occupies coronary sulcus
* small branches supply right atrium
* divides into posterior interventricular artery and marginal arteries
right coronary artery
65
* arises from left side of aorta
* passes posterior to pulmonary trunk
* divides into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
left coronary artery
66
* branch of coronary artery
* occupies posterior coronary sulcus
* supplies left atrium and posterior left ventricle
circumflex artery
67
* branch of left coronary artery
* occupies anterior interventricular sulcus
* supplies left ventricle and interventricular septum
anterior interventricular artery
68
* occupies anterior interventricular sulcus
* drains left ventricle and interventricular septum
* empties into coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
69
* an enlarged vein
* occupies posterior part of coronary sulcus
* drains blood from cardiac veins
* empties into the right atrium
coronary sinus
70
* occupies posterior interventricular sulcus
* drains distal areas of both ventricles
* empties into the coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein
71
* branch of right coronary artery
* occupies posterior interventricular sulcus
* supplies distal areas of both ventricles
posterior interventricular artery
72
prevents backflow into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
pulmonary valve
73
prevents backflow into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
aortic valve
74
prevents backflow into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
tricuspid valve
75
prevents backflow into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
bicuspid valve
76
list the path of blood flow in pulmonary circulation
venules -> veins -> superior and inferior vena ->
| right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs
77
list the path of blood flow in systemic circulation
pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries-> rest of body
78
cells that contract in response to action potentials via the sliding-filament mechanism
cardiac muscle cells
79
non contractile and nonstriated cardiac muscle cells that are autorhythmic and spontaneously generate action potentiaks
pacemaker cells
80
* influx of calcium ions as potassium ions exit
* lengthens the action potential
* lengthens and strengthens the hearts contraction
* lengthens the refractory period
plateau phase
81
pacemaker of the heart (paces the heart at 60 or more beats per minute)
Sinoatrial node
82
paces the heart at 40 beats per minute
atrioventricular node
83
the purkinje system consists of?
AV bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
84
measures the electrical changes in the heart
electrocardiogram
85
describes the physiology of cardiac pumping
mechanical physiology
86
heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves at the beginning of isovolumetric contraction
S1
87
heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar vales at the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation
S2
88
what are the four stages of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation
89
the volume of blood in the ventricles after atrial systole
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
90
the blood remaining in the ventricles
end- systolic volume (ESV)
91
blood drains from the atria to the ventricles
ventricular filling
92
both valves are shut and ventricular volume remains constant
isovolumetric contraction
93
* when pressure in the ventricles rise above the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta
* blood ejected from the ventricles through the semilunar valves
ventricular ejection
94
* when the ventricles re-enter diastole
* both sets of valves are closed
* volume in the ventricles remains constant
isovolumetric relaxation
95
wave that represents atrial depolarization
P wave
96
wave that represents ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
97
wave that represents ventricular repolarization
T wave
98
wave that represents the entire duration of a cardiac action potential
R-R interval
99
the wave that represents the duration of atrial repolarization and AV node delay
P-R interval
100
the wave that represents the entire duration of a ventricular action potential
Q-T interval
101
the wave that represents ventricular plateau phase
S-T sement
102
what are the 3 types of arteries that the pulmonary and systemic circuits consists of?
* Arteries
* Veins
* Capillaries
103
what are the 3 tissue layers of a blood vessel?
* tunic intima
* tunic media
* tunic externa
104
the inner most layer of the blood vessel composed of endothelium and its basal lamina, a thin layer of connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina
tunic intima
105
middle layer of the blood vessel composed of smooth muscle cells and the external elastic lamina
tunic media
106
outermost layer of the blood vessel composed of supportive connective tissue
tunic externa
107
what are the 3 main types of arteries?
* elastic arteries
* muscular arteries
* arterioles
108
arteries that are closest to the heart and have an extensive elastic laminae
Elastic arteries
109
arteries that are intermediate in diameter and deliver blood to organs
muscular arteries
110
smallest diameter arteries that control blood flow to tissues
arterioles
111
receptors that monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
112
smallest veins that drain capillary beds
venules
113
what are the 3 types of anastomoses?
arterial
venous
arteriovenous
114
study of blood flow in the cardiovascular system
hemodynamics
115
the force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels
blood pressure
116
the volume of blood that flows through the systemic and pulmonary circuit in a minute
bloof flow
117
impedance to blood flood
resistance
118
what are the 3 factors that determine blood pressure?
resistance
cardiac ouput
blood volume
119
the volume of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circiuis in one minute
cardiac output
120
the sequence of mechanical events in the heart that takes place from one heartbeat to the next
cardiac cycle
121
this pressure is 95mm Hg
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
122
this pressure is 120mm Hg
systolic pressuree
123
this pressure is 80mm Hg
diastolic pressure
124
the difference in the systolic and diastolic pressures (35mm Hg)
pulse pressure
125
how is MAP calculated?
by adding 1/3 of the pulse pressure to the diastolic pressure
126
what is arterial blood pressure measure with?
sphygmomanometer
127
what causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels?
sympathetic nervous system releasing epinephrine or norepinephrine
128
what causes vasodilation of the blood vessels?
parasympathetic nervous system releasing acetylcholine
129
high blood pressure (systolic pressure over 140mm Hg and diastolic pressure over 90mm Hg)
hypertension
130
low blood pressure (systolic pressure under 90mm Hg and diastolic pressure under 60mm Hg)
hypotension
131
the blood flow through a capillary bed to a tissue
tissue perfusion
132
what are the three types of capillaries?
continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoidal capillaries
133
a types of capillary joined by tight junctions, and therefore not leaky
continuous capillaries
134
a type of capillary that contains fenestrations that makes them leakier than continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
135
a type of capillary that have large pores and their endothelium cells makes them extremely leaky
sinusoidal capillaries
136
pressure caused by the force that the blood exerts on the wall of a blood vessel
hydrostatic pressure
137
pressure caused by solutes particles in a solution exert a force on water molecules
osmotic pressure
138
pressure caused by osmotic pressure being higher in the blood than in the interstitial fluid
colloid osmotic pressure
139
the pressure thats the difference between the opposing forces of the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the colloid osmotic pressure
net filtration pressure
140
caused by an excessive amount of water in the interstitial fluid
edema
141
what are the four divisions of the aorta?
ascendind aorta
aorticarch
descending thoracic aorta
descending abdominal aorta
142
what are the 3 branches of the aorta?
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
143
what does the common iliac arteries divide into?
internal (supply pelvis)and external (supply lower limb) iliac arteries
144
arteries that supply the superficial head and face
external carotid arteries
145
arteries that supply blood to the brain stems
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
146
trunk that supplies the liver, pancreas, duodenum, stomach, and spleen
celiac trunk
147
an artery that supplies the small intestine and much of the large intesine
superior mesenteric artery
148
arteries that supplies the kidneys
renal arteries
149
supplies the remainder of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
150
supplies the upper limb and branches to become the axillary artery and the brachial artery
subclavian artery
151
artery that splits into the radial and ulnar areteries
brachial artey
152
becomes the femoral artery
external iliac artery
153
becomes the popliteal artery
femoral artery
154
splits into the anterior tibial artery (becomes the dorsalis pedalis) and the posterior tibial artery
popliteal artery
155
blood from the head and neck drains into what vein?
external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, vertebral veins
156
blood from the brain drains into what sinus?
dural sinuses
157
blood from the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls drain
internal thoracic veins
158
blood from the posterior thoracic and abdominal walls drain
azygos system
159
what veins drain into the inferior vena cava?
gonadal, renal and hepatic veins
160
what veins drain into the hepatic portal vein
splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric veins
161
the upper limb is drained by which superficial and deep veins?
(superficial) cephalic vein, meddial antebrachial vein, basilic vein. (deep) radial and ulnar veins, brachial vein, axillary, and subclavian vein
162
the lower limb is drained by which superficial and deep veins?
(superficial) great and small saphenous veins. (deep) anterior and posterior tibial veins, popliteal vein, and femoral vein
