Lymphatic System (Exam 2) Flashcards
a system that works to defend the body against internal and external threats
immune system
a system that consists of a group of organs and tissues that works with the immune system and participates in a number of functions like fluid homeostasis
lymphatic system
the set of diverse processes that protect the body from both cellular injury and disease-causing cells and molecules known as pathogens
immunity
a system of blind-ended tubes
lymphatic vessels
clusters of lymphoid follicles such as the tonsils, as well as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
lymphatic tissue and lymphoid organs
what are the 3 basic functions carried out by its vessels and organs?
- regulation of interstitial fluid volume
- absorption of dietary fats
- immune functions
fluid that exits the extracellular space and enters the lymphatic vessels
lymph
vessel that collects lymph and merge to form larger vessels called lymph trunks
lymph-collecting vessels
trunks that drain the lymph from body regions
lymph trunks
A large swollen looking vessel that the intestinal and lumbar trunks all drain into
Cisterns chyli
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
Thoracic duct
Lymphatic duct
A duct that the cisterna chyli and the trunks from the left side of the body drain into
Thoracic duct
A duct where the right upper side of the body drain into
Lymphatic duct
A type of capillary where lymphatic vessels begin and form weblike networks that surround blood capillary beds. A one way system (blind-ended) that moves lymph away from tissues
Lymphatic capillaries
A specialized lymphatic capillary that collects fat in the small intestine
Lacteals
The different cell types in lymphoid tissues and organs are:
Leukocytes
Dendritic cells
Reticular cells
Lymphoid tissue is also called
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
Where is MALT found?
Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory passages Genitourinary tract (to a limited extent)
Specialized MALT consists of
Lymphoid follicles or lymph nodules
In the gastrointestinal tract MALT is found in three locations:
Tonsils (oral & nasal cavities)
Peyers patches (last portion of small intestine)
Appendix (large intestine)
What are the three main tonsils?
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
encapsulated clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels that filters lymph as it travels back to the cardiovascular system and trap pathogens
Lymph nodes
the largest lymphoid organ in the body that filters blood (consisting of reticular fibers made of reticular cells)
spleen
an encapsulated endocrine organ consisting of two lobesthat generate fuctional T cells that protect the body from pathogens
thymus
the different types of immunity:
innate immunity adaptive immunity cell-mediated immunity antibody-mediated immunity acquired immunity
a type of pulp that removes pathogens
white pulp
a type of pulp that destroys old erythrocytes
red pulp
what are the three lines of defense that the immune system offers?
- surface barriers
- cells & proteins of innate immunity
- cells & proteins of adaptive immunity
a type of immunity that does not require exposure to specific cellular markers called antigens to produce a response, and it responds to pathogens in the same way
innate (nonspecific) immunity
requires exposure to a specific antigen to mount a response
adaptive (specific) immunity
what are the two arm of adaptive immunity?
cell-mediated immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
a type of adaptive immunity that is brought on by two types of T cells
cell-mediated immunity
a type of adaptive immunity that is carried out by B cells and proteins they produce, called antibodies
antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
consists of skin that lines the body’s external surfaces and the mucous membranes that lines all passageways that open outside to the body
surface barriers
what do the cells of innate immunity include?
- phagocytes
- natural killer cells (NK cells)
- dendritic cells
a cell of innate immunity that eat foreign or damaged cells
phagocyte
a cell of innate immunity that recognize and destroy cancer cells and cells infected with certain viruses
natural killer (NK) cell
a cell of innate immunity that is located in many lymphoid organs that activates the T cells of adaptive immunity and function as antigen-presenting cells
dendritic cells
what do the cells of adaptive immunity include?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocyes
a diverse group of proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunty
cytokines
how are the lymphatic and immune systems connected?
lymphoid organs & tissues:
- provide a residence for cells of the immune system
- traps pathogens for the immune system
- activate cells of the immune system
the process by which cells ingest particles and other cells
phagocytosis
a granulocyte that ingest damages cells and bacteria
neutrophil
a granulocyte that is active in defense against parasites and also involved in allergies
eosinophil
a granulocyte that mediate inflammation
basophil
a group of 20 or more plasma proteins that are produced by the liver
complement system
what are the two pathways that activate complement proteins?
- classical pathway
* alternative pathway
activated complement proteins lead to the following steps:
- Cell lysis
- Enhanced inflammation
- Neutralized viruses
- Enhanced phagocytosis
- Clearance of immune complexes
what are the cytokines that are involved in innate immunity?
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Interferons (INF)
- Interleukins
a response that occurs in reaction to any cellular injury
inflammatory response
List the steps in inflammatory response part 1: effects of inflammatory mediators
- tissue damage
- damaged cells and mast cells release inflammatory mediators
- inflammatory mediators trigger : vasodilation of arterioles, increased capillary permeability, occurrence of pain, and recruitment of other cells (chemotaxis)
List the steps in inflammatory response part 2: Phagocyte response
- local macrophages are activated
- neutrophils migrate by chemotaxis to the damaged tissue and phagocytize bacteria & cellular debris
- monocytes migrate to the tissue by chemotaxis & become macrophages, which phagocytize pathogens & cellular debris
- the bone marrow increases production of leukocytes, leading to leukocytosis
a whitish mixture from the accumulation of dead leukocytes, dead tissue cells, and fluid
pus
a body temperature above the normal range, which is generally between 36 and 38 C (or 97-99 F)
fever
chemicals released from damaged cells or certain bacteria rest the hypothalamic from normal to higher range
pyrogens
what are the two types of T cells that cell-mediated immunity involves?
- helper T cells
* cytotoxic T cells
T cells form in the ______ but migrate to the ______ to mature?
bone marrow, thymus
a type of molecule that T cells interact with by pieces of antigens
major histocompatibility molecule (MHC)
a receptor on the surface of a T cell
T cell receptor
a type of molecule found on the surface of the plasma membrane on nearly all nucleated cells
class I MHC molecules
a type of molecule found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
class II MHC molecules
cells that are responsible for cell immunological memory, in which these cells respond more quickly and efficiently to subsequent exposures to an antigen
memory T cells
a protein that Tc cells release to perforate the plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter the cell and fragment its DNA
perforin
list the function of Tc cells:
- activated Tc cell binds to target cell
- releases perforin
- Tc cell ten releases enzymes that can now enter the target cells cytosol
- when the target cell begins to degrade, the Tc cell detaches and searches for a new target cell
What are the five basic antibodies?
IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
this is the only antibody able to cross from the blood of a pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta
IgG
this antibody is present in secretions from the skin, mucous membranes, and exocrine glands (tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk)
IgA
this antibody is the first secreted by B cells in response to a pathogen
IgM
this antibody binds antigens associated with parasitic worms and allergens
IgE
this antibody is present on the surface of B cells that acts as an antigen receptor
IgD
what are the functions of antibodies?
- Agglutination/precipitation
- Opsonization
- Neutralization
- Complement Activation
- Stimulation of inflammation
the clumping of cells
agglutination
antibodies bind pathogenic components of toxins and block toxic effects
neutralization
IgG coats antigens and binds phagocytes, enhancing phagocytosis
opsonization
antibodies activate complement proteins, leading to cell lysis
complement activation
IgE binds mast cells and basophils, and triggers release of inflammatory mediators
stimulation of inflammation
the first exposure to an antigen
primary immune response
subsequent exposures to antigens that generate faster
secondary immune response
involves exposing an individual to an antigen to elicit a primary immune response and generate memory cells
vaccination (immunization)
an immunity generated by exposure to an antigen and results in the production of memory cells
active immunity
an immunity generated by receiving preformed antibodies from another source
passive immunity
what are the two types of antibody-mediated immunity?
- active immunity
* passive immunity
a disorder that occurs when the immune system’s response causes tissue damage
hypersensitivity disorder
what are the four hypersensitivity disorder?
- type I: immediate hypersensitivity
- type II: antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
- type III: immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
- type IV: delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
this type of hypersensitivity affects about 20% of people and is formerly known as allergies
type I: immediate hypersensitivity
a dramatic immediate hypersensitivity reaction that involves a systemic release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
anaphylactic shock
a disorder that occurs by a decrease in the function of one or more components of the immune system
immunodeficiency disorder
immunodeficiencies that are genetic or developmental
primary immunodeficiencies
immunodeficiencies that are acquired from another source
secondary immunodeficiencies
a disease that caused by the destruction of TH cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a disorder that occur when the immune system recognizes normal cells as foreign due to self-reactive T and B cells and the production of autoantibodies
autoimmune disorders
an immunodeficiency caused by failures of lymphoid cell lines in bone marrow, which affect B cells, NK cells, and T cells to varying degrees
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
