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A & P 2 Lab > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The collection of organs concerned with ingestion and digestion of food; absorption of nutrients, propulsion of ingested food through the digestive tract, and defecation of indigestible substances

A

Digestive system

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2
Q

What two types of organs does the digestive system consists of?

A 
Gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract)
Accessory organs
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3
Q

A continuous tube through which food passes through directly

A

Alimentary canal

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4
Q

What does the alimentary canal consists of?

A
  • oral cavity (mouth)
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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5
Q

Organs that are not part of the alimentary canal but assist in digestion in some type of way

A

Accessory organs

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6
Q

What does the accessory organs consists of?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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7
Q

What are the six basic processes that the digestive system must carry out?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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8
Q

A type of digestion where digestive organs physically break food down into smaller pieces via processes such as chewing and mixing food by moments by the muscles of the alimentary canal

A

Mechanical digestion

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9
Q

A type of digestion where enzymes secreted by digestive organs catalyze reactions that break the chemical bones within food particles until only small molecules remain

A

Chemical digestion

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10
Q

Rhythmic contractions of layers of smooth muscle that move material through a hollow organ

A

Peristalsis

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11
Q

The movement of a cell or tissue

A

Motility

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12
Q

A self-contained branch of the autonomic nervous system that extends from the esophagus to the anus and regulates secretion and motility of the digestive organs

A

Enteric nervous system

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13
Q

What are the four tissue layers of the alimentary anal?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa (adventitia)
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14
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa in the alimentary canal?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
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15
Q

What are the layers of the submucosa in the alimentary canal?

A
  • Submucosal gland
  • Blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
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16
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa in the alimentary canal?

A
  • Circular layer
  • Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)
  • Longitudinal layer
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17
Q

What type of tissue is the serosa and adventitia in the alimentary canal composed of?

A

Serosa- simple squamous epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue

Adventitia- dense irregular tissue

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18
Q

What are the two layers that the peritoneal membrane (peritoneum) consists of?

A
  • Parietal peritoneum (outer)

* Visceral peritoneum (inner)

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19
Q

What is the name of the cavity found between the to peritoneal layers?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

What is the largest serous membrane in the body?

A

Peritoneal membrane (peritoneum)

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21
Q

Folds of visceral peritoneum that bind and support abdominal organs

A

Mesenteries

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22
Q

What are the two types of mesenteries?

A
  • Greater omentum

* Lesser omentum

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23
Q

the blood vessels that supply and drain the abdominal digestive organs?

A

Splanchnic circulation

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24
Q

Where does the nerve supply of the abdominal digestive organs comes from?

A

Enteric nervous system and two branches of the autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

A moist chewed mass that comes from ingested food

A

Bolus

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26
Q

What are the three accessory organs that the oral cavity house?

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands

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27
Q

What are the four digestive processes that takes place in the oral cavity?

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Chemical and mechanical digestion
Propulsion

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28
Q

Posterior to the lips and cheeks

A

Gums (gingivae)

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29
Q

A narrow band of mucosa that attaches the internal surfaces of the upper and lower lips to the gums and midline

A

Labial frenulum

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30
Q

The narrow space between the teeth and gums and the internal surfaces of the lips and cheeks

A

Vestibule

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31
Q

The space posterior to the teeth and gums

A

Oral cavity proper

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32
Q

The superior boundary or roof of the mouth that consists of the hard and soft palate

A

Palate

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33
Q

The projection extending inferiorly from the soft palate

A

Uvula

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34
Q

Key organs of mechanical digestion (mastication) that are located in alveoli within the mandible and maxilla and held in place by periodontal ligament

A

Teeth

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35
Q

Chew ingested food grinding it into smaller pieces

A

Mastication

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36
Q

Which two muscles are involved in mastication?

A

Masseter muscle

Temporalis muscle

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37
Q

What are the three types of teeth?

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Molars
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38
Q

Central teeth that are broad and flat with a narrow crown and are specialized for curing off pieces of food

A

Incisors

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39
Q

Teeth that are also known as cuspids that are on either side of incisors and are specie for ripping and tearing

A

Canines

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40
Q

Teeth posterior and lateral to canines that have broad crowns with rounded projections called cusps that are specialized for grinding

A

Molars

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41
Q

What is the name for the 20 baby teeth?

A

Primary dentition (deciduous teeth)

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42
Q

What is the name for the 32 permanent teeth?

A

Secondary dentition (permanent teeth)

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43
Q

What are the two components that a tooth consists of?

A
  • Crown

* Root

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44
Q

The visible portion of the tooth that’s above the gum line

A

Crown

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45
Q

The part of the tooth that is embedded in the alveolus

A

Root

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46
Q

The hard outer layer of the tooth

A

Enamel

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47
Q

The soft inner gelatinous layer of the tooth

A

Pulp

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48
Q

The inner layer of mineralized tissue in both the root and crown composed of 70% calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Dentin

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49
Q

The mineralized bonelike tissue on the outer portion of the root of the tooth

A

Cementum

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50
Q

Pulp becomes infected which results in inflammation that risks the health of the tooth

A

Root canal

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51
Q

This organ consists of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium that is involved in mechanical digestion, and it pushes the bolus posteriorly during swallowing

A

Tongue

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52
Q

A thin band that attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity and prevents the tongue from moving too far posteriorly

A

Lingual frenulum

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53
Q

Small projections that the epithelium of the tongue is arranged into

A

Papillae

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54
Q

What are the four kinds of papillae?

A
  • filiform papillae
  • fungiform papillae
  • circumvallate papillae
  • foliate papillae
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55
Q

What is the only kind of papillae does not contain sensory receptors called taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

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56
Q

What are the two groups of skeletal muscles that control tongue movement?

A
  • Extrinsic muscles

* Intrinsic muscles

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57
Q

Muscles that control the position of the tongue

A

Extrinsic muscles

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58
Q

Muscles that control the shape and size of the tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles

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59
Q

A set of three pairs of glands around the oral cavity that secrete saliva into it

A

Salivary glands

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60
Q

A fluid secreted by the salivary gland into the oral cavity that contains water, mucus, salivary amylase, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and other solutes

A

Saliva

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61
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • parotid glands
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual glands
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62
Q

Glands over the masseter muscle

A

Parotid glands

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63
Q

Glands medial to the mandible

A

Submandibular glands

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64
Q

Glands under the tongue

A

Sublingual glands

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65
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A
  • salivary amylase
  • lysozyme
  • secretory IgA
  • bicarbonate ions
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66
Q

The process of secretion from the three pairs of salivary glands primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system in the reflex arc

A

Salivation

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67
Q

The organ that sit posterior to the oral and nasal cavities and the primary function is propulsion in the form of swallowing (bolus passes through the pharynx into the esophagus)

A

Pharynx

68
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
69
Q

What are the three skeletal muscles that surround the pharynx and their functions?

A

Upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Muscles contract sequentially during swallowing and propel the bolus inferiorly

70
Q

A muscular tube about 25cm(10in) long found posterior to the trachea that transmits bolus from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

71
Q

A sphincter at the esophagus inferior end that regulates the passage of bolus into the stomach and prevents the contents of the stomach from re-entering the esophagus

A

Gastroesphageal sphincter

72
Q

A specialized type of propulsion at pushes a bolus of food from the oral cavity through the pharynx and esophagus to e stomach

A

Swallowing (deglutition)

73
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A
  • voluntary
  • pharyngeal
  • esophageal
74
Q

During this phase of swallowing the tongue pushes the bolus posteriorly toward the oropharynx

A

Voluntary phase

75
Q

During this phase of swallowing the bolus enters the oropharynx; the soft palate and epiglottis seal off the nasopharynx and larynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

76
Q

During this phase of swallowing peristaltic waves move the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach

A

Esophageal phase

77
Q

The J shaped organ located in the left upper quadrant

A

Stomach

78
Q

What are the five anatomical regions of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric antrum
  • pylorus
79
Q

Region where the esophagus empties into the stomach

A

Cardia

80
Q

The dome-shaped top of the stomach

A

Fundus

81
Q

The largest portion of the stomach

A

Body

82
Q

The inferior portion of the stomach

A

Pyloric antrum

83
Q

The terminal portion of the stomach

A

Pylorus

84
Q

A motion that pummels food into a liquid called chyme

A

Churning

85
Q

Folds of the stomach mucosa that house gastric glands

A

Gastric pits

86
Q

An acidic enzyme containing fluid secreted by exocrine cells into the lumen of the stomach

A

Gastric juice

87
Q

A sphincter that regulates the flow of materials between the stomach and the small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter

88
Q

Folds in the interior stomach that allow the stomach to expand

A

Rugae

89
Q

What are the four main cells in or near the gastric glands?

A
  • mucous neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enterendocrine cells
90
Q

This type of cell secrete acidic mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

91
Q

This type of cell secret hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

92
Q

This type of cell secrete the inactive precursor pepsinogin

A

Chief cells

93
Q

This type of cell produce hormones

A

Enterendocrine cells

94
Q

What are the processes that takes place in the stomach?

A

Secretion
Chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion
Propulsion

95
Q

What are the three phases of acid secretion in the stomach?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

96
Q

This phase of secretion is mediated by the sight, smell, taste, or even thought of food

A

Cephalic phase

97
Q

During this phase of secretion food enters the stomach

A

Gastric phase

98
Q

During this phase of secretion chyme enters the duodenum

A

Intestinal phase

99
Q

A reflex that decreases vagal activity and acid secretion

A

Enterogastric reflex

100
Q

What two hormones reduce acid secretion?

A

Secretin

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

101
Q

A digestive disease in which acidic chyme from the stomach regurgitates into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

102
Q

An unpleasant process caused by the stomach contents moving backward

A

Vomiting

103
Q

What are the three actions that the stomach motility perform?

A

Receptive function
Churning function
Emptying function

104
Q

During this action of stomach motility the stomach receives food from the esophagus

A

Receptive function

105
Q

During this action of stomach motility the stomach churn the incoming bolus into chyme

A

Churning function

106
Q

During this action of stomach motility the stomach control the rate at which chyme empties into the small intestine

A

Emptying function

107
Q

When food or liquid is swallowed, the gastroesophageal sphincter and smooth muscle of the fundus and the body of the stomach relax to allow the stomach to fill

A

Receptive relaxation

108
Q

What two hormones stimulate gastric motility?

A

Serotonin

Intestinal gastrin

109
Q

This organ is the longest portion of the alimentary canal, 6 meters long (20ft)

A

Small intestine

110
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

111
Q

The first segment of the small intestine that begins at the pylorus

A

Duodenum

112
Q

The middle portion of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

113
Q

The final portion of the small intestine

A

Ileum

114
Q

Where the secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas enter the small intestine

A

Major duodenal papilla

115
Q

Controls the movement of materials from the ileum into the cecum. Also prevents materials from the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum

A

Ileum-cecal valve

116
Q

This type of food is visible with the naked eye and involve the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine

A

Circular folds

117
Q

What are the two smaller folds that are not visible with the naked eye?

A

Villi

Microvilli

118
Q

This structure is between villi and it houses glands

A

Intestinal crypts

119
Q

Slow rhythmic contractions characterized by the small intestines motility between meals

A

Migrating motor complex

120
Q

Also known as intestinal churning, involves contractions of only the circular layer of smooth muscle, which produces a squeezing motion

A

Segementation

121
Q

What are the four main processes that occur in the small intestine?

A

Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Propulsion

122
Q

This organ runs along the border of the abdominal cavity, surrounding the small intestine and the other abdominal organs like a frame

A

Large intestine

123
Q

Waste matter discharged from the bowels after food has been digested

A

Feces

124
Q

What are the three segments that makes up the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

125
Q

The first portion of the large intestine

A

Cecum

126
Q

A small blind-ended pouch extended from its posteroinferior end

A

Vermiform appendix

127
Q

The longest portion of the large intestine that’s divided into four portions

A

Colon

128
Q

What are the four portions of the colon?

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

129
Q

The portion of the large intestine that runs anterior to the sacrum and is retroperitoneal. Also a continuation of the sigmoid colon

A

Rectum

130
Q

These valves allow the passage of flatus (gas) without risking the simultaneous passage of feces

A

Rectal valves

131
Q

The last portion of the large intestine, where the rectum ends

A

Anal canal

132
Q

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

A

Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)

External anal sphincter (voluntary)

133
Q

What is the names of the bacteria found in the large intestine?

A

Normal flora

Gut flora

134
Q

What are the functions of bacteria?

A
  • Produce vitamins
  • Metabolize undigested materials
  • Deter the growth of harmful bacteria
  • Stimulate the immune system
135
Q

A type of motility in the proximal large intestine that causes a propulsive motion

A

Mass movement (mass peristalsis)

136
Q

When mass movements force fecal material into the normally empty rectum

A

Defecation reflex

137
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorption
Propulsion
Secretion
Defecation

138
Q

A gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

139
Q

A duct that receives secretions from acinar cells

A

Main pancreatic duct

140
Q

Clusters where acinar cells are found

A

Acini

141
Q

Collective secretions of the pancreatic acinar and duct cells

A

Pancreatic juice

142
Q

A hormone produced by duodenal enterendocrine cells in response to the presence of lipids and partially digested proteins of the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

143
Q

A pyramid-shaped organ that is located in the right upper quadrant

A

Liver

144
Q

A small sac on the posterior side of the liver

A

Gallbladder

145
Q

Why are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrants lobe

146
Q

What is the liver main digestive function?

A

Production of bile

147
Q

A liquid produced by the liver that contain water, electrolytes, and organic compounds

A

Bile

148
Q

What are the other functions of the liver?

A
  • Nutrient metabolism
  • Detoxification
  • Excretion
149
Q

Where does the gallbladder receive bile from and store it for release?

A

Common hepatic duct

150
Q

Bile leaves the gallbladder from this duct

A

Cystic duct

151
Q

This duct empties into the duodenum

A

Common bile duct

152
Q

This sphincter controls the emoting of bile and pancreatic fluids into the duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

153
Q

The enzyme that helps with carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase

154
Q

What are the brush order enzymes?

A

Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase

155
Q

Glucose and galactose are transported across an enterocyte’s apical membrane using the secondary active transport

A

Na+/glucose cotransporter

156
Q

Protein digestion begins in the stomach with this enzyme

A

Pepsin

157
Q

A process in which an amphiphilic compound physically breaks lipids into smaller clusters through polar and nopolar interactions

A

Emulsification

158
Q

An enzyme that catalyze lipid breakdown

A

Pancreatic lipase

159
Q

After chemical digestion by lipase is complete, the bike salts stay together in these structures

A

Micelles

160
Q

Vitamins that are polar molecules

A

Water-soluble vitamins

161
Q

Vitamins that are lipid-based and mostly nonpolar

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

162
Q

A condition that is caused when people lack the enzyme lactase and as a result cannot digest the milk sugar lactose

A

Lactose intolerance

163
Q

A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed from bacteria within the feces that multiply in the appendix and cause affection

A

Appendicitis

164
Q

A condition caused by inflammation of the peritoneum when substances such as blood or the contents of an abdominal organ leak into the peritoneal cavity

A

Peritonitis

165
Q

A large molecule composed of triglycerides packaged with cholesterol, other dietary lipids, phospholipids, and lipid-binding apoproteins that delivers dietary lipids to cells

A

Chylomicron

A & P 2 Lab (6 decks)

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