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a&p > Respiratory system Ch 21 > Flashcards

Respiratory system Ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

hypoxemia

A

condition characterized by a level of oxygen that is too low in the blood

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2
Q

emphysema

A

is characterized by destruction of the structures of the respiratory zone and a loss of alveolar surface area

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3
Q

hypercapnia

A

condition characterized by excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

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4
Q

asthma

A

obstructive disease in which the airways are hyperresponsive to a trigger of some sort

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5
Q

spirometer

A

lab instrument that measures volumes of air exchanged in ventilation

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6
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

an instrument used to measure a patient’s blood pressure

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7
Q

stethoscope

A

an instrument used to hear sounds from movements within the body

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8
Q

thermometer

A

instrument used to measure body temperature

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9
Q

which of the following structures is part of the respiratory zone?

A

alveoli

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10
Q

which of the following bones is NOT a location of a paranasal sinus?

A

lacrimal bone

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11
Q

what reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract?

A

pleural fluid

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12
Q

which of the following structures is NOT associated with the larynx?

A

carina

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13
Q

what area in the lower respiratory system contains sensory receptors that trigger a violent cough reflex in response to foreign material?

A

Mucosa of the carina

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14
Q

what function is NOT related to the structural arrangement of the C-shaped cartilage rings surrounding the trachea?

A

enhance the resonance of the voice

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15
Q

Which structure is NOT found in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

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16
Q

What structure of the lower respiratory tract lacks cartilage but contains a large amount of smooth muscle?

A

bronchioles

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17
Q

what type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

A

type II alveolar cells

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18
Q

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following locations except:

A

terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

the four major processes of respiration include all of the following except:

A

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

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20
Q

The __ is the serous membrane lining the surface of the lungs.

A

visceral pleura

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21
Q

The respiratory system does NOT function in ___

A

blood cell production

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22
Q

what is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?

A

the nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air

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23
Q

what is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

close the glottis during swallowing

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24
Q

What is the opening between the vocal cords of the larynx called?

A

Glottis

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25
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles

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26
Q

pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the __

A

respiratory zone

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27
Q

Air travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the __

A

alveolar ducts

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28
Q

what increases air turbulence to extract dust and other debris from air traveling through the nasal cavity?

A

nasal conchae and meatuses

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29
Q

the process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is __

A

pulmonary ventilation

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30
Q

Name the epithelial tissue that forms the respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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31
Q

air inhaled through the nose travels through the divisions of the pharynx in what order?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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32
Q

what flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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33
Q

which of the following functions is NOT associated with the larynx?

A

detection of odors

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34
Q

which of the following factors does NOT affect the efficiency of tissue gas exchange?

A

the diameter of an alveolus

35
Q

what pulmonary capacity can be measured when a person inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible?

A

vital capacity

36
Q

air moves out of the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure, or pressure inside the lungs, is ___

A

greater than atmospheric pressure

37
Q

carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma, although it has a very low partial pressure. what law describes this phenomenon?

A

Henry’s law

38
Q

what primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?

A

diameter of the conducting zone passageways

39
Q

what does Boyle’s law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?

A

pressure increases when volume decreases

40
Q

what determines the direction of gas movements in internal respiration?

A

partial pressure gradient

41
Q

which statement best describes tidal volume?

A

tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

42
Q

which of the following actions is NOT classified as a nonrespiratory movement?

A

breathing

43
Q

which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure?

A

Dalton’s law

44
Q

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mmHg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mmHg

A

inspiration

45
Q

which of the following factors does NOT determine pulmonary compliance?

A

elasticity of elastic tissue in the lungs

46
Q

which of the following factors will NOT increase airway resistance?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

47
Q

why does carbon dioxide dissolve better in plasma than oxygen?

A

it has a higher solubility in water

48
Q

extremely low concentrations of oxygen in the blood is known as ___

A

hypoxemia

49
Q

vital capacity =

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

50
Q

what reduces alveolar surface tension?

A

surfactant

51
Q

a ___ is an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes.

A

spirometer

52
Q

what is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration?

A

residual volume

53
Q

what is (are) the main muscle(s) of pulmonary ventilation?

A

diaphragm

54
Q

which of the following actions will occur in the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?

A

collapse

55
Q

what is the coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli known as?

A

ventilation-perfusion matching

56
Q

which of the following pressures is NOT a gradient that influences pulmonary ventilation?

A

hydrostatic pressure

57
Q

expiration occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A

greater than atmospheric pressure.

58
Q

the coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as ___

A

ventilation-perfusion matching

59
Q

respiratory acidosis results from __

A

hypoventilation

60
Q

which of the following methods does NOT transport carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

bound to Hb within platelets

61
Q

which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases?

A

more oxygen is released from hemoglobin

62
Q

which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen?

A

increased CO in the blood

63
Q

a decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

A

pH

64
Q

which of the following changes accompanies emphysema?

A

alveoli collapse and surface area is lost

65
Q

why is carbon monoxide so toxic?

A

it causes a change in Hb’s shape that increases its affinity for oxygen

66
Q

restrictive lung diseases typically include:

A

decreased pulmonary compliance

67
Q

when considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

68
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

medullary reticular formation

69
Q

which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBC’s?

A

the chloride shift

70
Q

the majority of carbon dioxide is transported ___

A

as the bicarbonate ion

71
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

A

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

72
Q

carbon dioxide and water combine to form __

A

carbonic acid

73
Q

eupnea is largely controlled by which of the following structures?

A

respiratory pattern generator (RPG)

74
Q

a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __

A

four molecules of oxygen

75
Q

what is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood?

A

Pco2 of the blood

76
Q

increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in __

A

respiratory alkalosis

77
Q

the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __

A

decreased metabolic rate

78
Q

which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation?

A

high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

79
Q

a patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __

A

asthma

80
Q

how is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

81
Q

which of the following diseases is NOT a subtype of COPD?

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

82
Q

what is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer?

A

smoking cigarettes

83
Q

which of the following conditions is associated with a blood pH below 7.35?

A

respiratory acidosis

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