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Respiratory system Ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

hypoxemia

A

condition characterized by a level of oxygen that is too low in the blood

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2
Q

emphysema

A

is characterized by destruction of the structures of the respiratory zone and a loss of alveolar surface area

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3
Q

hypercapnia

A

condition characterized by excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

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4
Q

asthma

A

obstructive disease in which the airways are hyperresponsive to a trigger of some sort

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5
Q

spirometer

A

lab instrument that measures volumes of air exchanged in ventilation

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6
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

an instrument used to measure a patient’s blood pressure

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7
Q

stethoscope

A

an instrument used to hear sounds from movements within the body

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8
Q

thermometer

A

instrument used to measure body temperature

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9
Q

which of the following structures is part of the respiratory zone?

A

alveoli

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10
Q

which of the following bones is NOT a location of a paranasal sinus?

A

lacrimal bone

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11
Q

what reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract?

A

pleural fluid

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12
Q

which of the following structures is NOT associated with the larynx?

A

carina

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13
Q

what area in the lower respiratory system contains sensory receptors that trigger a violent cough reflex in response to foreign material?

A

Mucosa of the carina

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14
Q

what function is NOT related to the structural arrangement of the C-shaped cartilage rings surrounding the trachea?

A

enhance the resonance of the voice

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15
Q

Which structure is NOT found in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

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16
Q

What structure of the lower respiratory tract lacks cartilage but contains a large amount of smooth muscle?

A

bronchioles

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17
Q

what type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

A

type II alveolar cells

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18
Q

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following locations except:

A

terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

the four major processes of respiration include all of the following except:

A

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

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20
Q

The __ is the serous membrane lining the surface of the lungs.

A

visceral pleura

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21
Q

The respiratory system does NOT function in ___

A

blood cell production

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22
Q

what is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?

A

the nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air

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23
Q

what is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

close the glottis during swallowing

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24
Q

What is the opening between the vocal cords of the larynx called?

A

Glottis

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25
What is the function of goblet cells?
Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles
26
pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the __
respiratory zone
27
Air travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the __
alveolar ducts
28
what increases air turbulence to extract dust and other debris from air traveling through the nasal cavity?
nasal conchae and meatuses
29
the process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is __
pulmonary ventilation
30
Name the epithelial tissue that forms the respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
31
air inhaled through the nose travels through the divisions of the pharynx in what order?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
32
what flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
33
which of the following functions is NOT associated with the larynx?
detection of odors
34
which of the following factors does NOT affect the efficiency of tissue gas exchange?
the diameter of an alveolus
35
what pulmonary capacity can be measured when a person inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible?
vital capacity
36
air moves out of the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure, or pressure inside the lungs, is ___
greater than atmospheric pressure
37
carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma, although it has a very low partial pressure. what law describes this phenomenon?
Henry's law
38
what primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?
diameter of the conducting zone passageways
39
what does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?
pressure increases when volume decreases
40
what determines the direction of gas movements in internal respiration?
partial pressure gradient
41
which statement best describes tidal volume?
tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.
42
which of the following actions is NOT classified as a nonrespiratory movement?
breathing
43
which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure?
Dalton's law
44
Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mmHg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mmHg
inspiration
45
which of the following factors does NOT determine pulmonary compliance?
elasticity of elastic tissue in the lungs
46
which of the following factors will NOT increase airway resistance?
the sympathetic nervous system
47
why does carbon dioxide dissolve better in plasma than oxygen?
it has a higher solubility in water
48
extremely low concentrations of oxygen in the blood is known as ___
hypoxemia
49
vital capacity =
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
50
what reduces alveolar surface tension?
surfactant
51
a ___ is an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes.
spirometer
52
what is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration?
residual volume
53
what is (are) the main muscle(s) of pulmonary ventilation?
diaphragm
54
which of the following actions will occur in the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
collapse
55
what is the coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli known as?
ventilation-perfusion matching
56
which of the following pressures is NOT a gradient that influences pulmonary ventilation?
hydrostatic pressure
57
expiration occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is:
greater than atmospheric pressure.
58
the coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as ___
ventilation-perfusion matching
59
respiratory acidosis results from __
hypoventilation
60
which of the following methods does NOT transport carbon dioxide in the blood?
bound to Hb within platelets
61
which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases?
more oxygen is released from hemoglobin
62
which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen?
increased CO in the blood
63
a decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
pH
64
which of the following changes accompanies emphysema?
alveoli collapse and surface area is lost
65
why is carbon monoxide so toxic?
it causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen
66
restrictive lung diseases typically include:
decreased pulmonary compliance
67
when considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
68
where are the central chemoreceptors located?
medullary reticular formation
69
which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBC's?
the chloride shift
70
the majority of carbon dioxide is transported ___
as the bicarbonate ion
71
what are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
72
carbon dioxide and water combine to form __
carbonic acid
73
eupnea is largely controlled by which of the following structures?
respiratory pattern generator (RPG)
74
a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __
four molecules of oxygen
75
what is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood?
Pco2 of the blood
76
increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in __
respiratory alkalosis
77
the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __
decreased metabolic rate
78
which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation?
high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
79
a patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __
asthma
80
how is most oxygen transported in the blood?
bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
81
which of the following diseases is NOT a subtype of COPD?
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
82
what is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer?
smoking cigarettes
83
which of the following conditions is associated with a blood pH below 7.35?
respiratory acidosis

A&P (7 decks)

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