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A&P > Chapters 17/18 CV system > Flashcards

Chapters 17/18 CV system Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following blood vessels is not a great blood vessel of the heart?

A

pulmonary arteries

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2
Q

the visceral pericardium is the same as the

A

epicardium

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3
Q

which of the following structures is associated with the atria?

A

pectinate muscles

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4
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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5
Q

which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

A

pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

what blood vessels do ventricles always pump blood into?

A

arteries

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7
Q

Which coronary artery supplies the left atrium and parts of the left ventricle?

A

circumflex artery

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8
Q

where does the left ventricle send blood?

A

aorta

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9
Q

the mitral valve is the clinical name for the

A

bicuspid valve

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10
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

which of the following blood vessels are associated with the coronary sinus?

A

great cardiac

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12
Q

which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary vein

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13
Q

oxygenated blood is delivered to the left atrium through the

A

pulmonary veins

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14
Q

which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall?

A

left ventricle

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15
Q

both the left and right atria receive blood from

A

veins

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16
Q

what might happen if the papillary muscles and/or chordae tendineae stopped functioning?

A

blood would leak back into the atria from the ventricles

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17
Q

which of the following is not a risk factor for coronary artery disease or myocardial ischemia?

A

low blood pressure

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18
Q

blood in the right atrium should travel next past the

A

tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle

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19
Q

which of the following statements best describes the apex of the heart?

A

inferior tip of the heart and points toward the left side

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20
Q

the right side of the heart receives

A

deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit

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21
Q

what condition results from excess fluid in the pericardial cavity compressing the heart and reducing the capacity of the ventricles to fill with blood?

A

cardiac tamponade

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22
Q

which of the following statements best describes how coronary artery anastomoses might help a patient with coronary artery disease?

A

they provide alternate routes of blood flow when a vessel is blocked

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23
Q

which of the following functions is not associated with the heart?

A

to increase the rate at which erythrocytes are formed

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24
Q

what structure attached the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles?

A

chordae tendineae

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25
Q

what is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

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26
Q

what valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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27
Q

which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?

A

foramen ovale

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28
Q

Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the slowest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 20 times per minute?

A

Purkinje fiber system

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29
Q

Which of the following cardiac dysrhythmias is immediately life-threatening and manifests on the electrocardiogram (ECG) with chaotic activity?

A

ventricular fibrillation

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30
Q

Which of the following statements describes the total refractory period of cardiac muscle?

A

It is longer than the total refractory period for skeletal muscle.

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31
Q

Which of the following ion channels are time-gated closing channels?

A

Calcium ion channels

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32
Q

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the __________.

A

Atria

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33
Q

Which of the following structural components is only found in cardiac muscles?

A

intercalated discs

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34
Q

What provides a graphic representation of all the action potentials occurring in the heart?

A

electrocardiogram

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35
Q

What obscures atrial repolarization on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

QRS complex

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36
Q

What allows the atria and ventricles to depolarize and contract separately?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node delay

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37
Q

Autorhythmicity in the heart is a function of ________.

A

cardiac pacemaker cells

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38
Q

What part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

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39
Q

What is a contractile cell with a membrane potential of 0 mV experiencing?

A

Plateau phase

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40
Q

What is initiated by a rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creating a positive membrane potential inside the cell?

A

Rapid depolarization phase

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41
Q

Which electrocardiogram (ECG) finding can be used to measure heart rate?

A

R-R interval

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42
Q

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the __________.

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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43
Q

What cardiac dysrhythmia does a patient have with a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute?

A

Bradycardia

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44
Q

Looking in a microscope, what are the visible structures that join cardiac muscle cells?

A

intercalated discs

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45
Q

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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46
Q

What kind of ion channels are unique to pacemaker cells?

A

HCN channels

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47
Q

What percentage of the total number of cardiac muscle cells are pacemaker cells?

A

1%

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48
Q

A damaged atrioventricular (AV) bundle or AV node will primarily affect the length of the __________.

A

P-R interval

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49
Q

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS complex

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50
Q

What cardiac dysrhythmia does a patient have with a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute?

A

bradycardia

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51
Q

What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.

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52
Q

Which of the following cell populations does not spontaneously generate action potentials in the cardiac conduction system?

A

Contractile cells

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52
Q

During what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?

A

Plateau phase

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53
Q

high pressured blood in the ventricles

A

forces the semilunar valves open

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54
Q

approx how much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase?

A

70 ml

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55
Q

which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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56
Q

the degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called

A

preload

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57
Q

during what phase is the S1 heart sound first heard?

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

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58
Q

approx how much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase>

A

70 mL

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59
Q

which chamber generates the highest pressure during systole?

A

left ventricle

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60
Q

according the the frank-starling law, a bigger preload will result in

A

a stronger contraction

61
Q

inotropic agents affect

A

contractility

62
Q

which of the following events is not part of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial contraction phase

63
Q

what percentage of atria blood flows passively into the ventricles?

A

80%

64
Q

which of the following factors would increase cardiac output to the greatest extend?

A

increased hr and increased sv

65
Q

which of the following refers to the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries?

A

afterload

66
Q

what largely determines preload?

A

end-disastolic volume (EDV)

67
Q

which of the following events can be heard most easily with a stethoscope?

A

closing of AV valves

68
Q

which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on hr?

A

vagus nerves (CN X)

69
Q

which of the following paths does an action potential in the heart normally take?

A

SA node, atrial contractile cells, av node where it is delayed, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricular contractile cells

70
Q

which of the following hormones decrease cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

71
Q

what is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle per heart beat?

A

stroke volume (SV)

72
Q

which of the following chemical messengers decreases hr?

A

acetylcholine

73
Q

calculate the ESV if the EDV in a resting heart is 110 ml and sv is 70 ml

A

40 ml

74
Q

which wave on the ECG corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

p wave

75
Q

what two values are needed to calculate cardiac output for a ventricle?

A

SV and HR

76
Q

all the following veins drain into the inferior vena cava except

A

the vertebral veins

77
Q

the lungs receive systemic blood supply by the way of the

A

bronchial arteries

78
Q

into which veins does blood in the external jugular vein drain?

A

subclavian vein

79
Q

which of the following veins drain into the inferior vena cava?

A

renal veins

80
Q

the small intestine receives its blood supply from the

A

superior mesenteric artery

81
Q

the main artery that crosses the ankle and enters the foot, supplying the anterior side of the foot, is known as the

A

dorsalis pedis artery

82
Q

which of the following pathways represents the systemic flow of most blood?

A

artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, and vein

83
Q

the superficial vein that is often used for bypass grafts is the:

A

great saphenous vein

84
Q

blood flowing through the vertebral artery will enter the

A

brain

85
Q

the thoracic organs are drained mainly by

A

the azygos system

86
Q

most veins below the diaphragm drain into the

A

inferior vena cava

87
Q

all of the following arteries contribute to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis) except the:

A

occipital arteries

88
Q

a patient, whose foot has become numb from lack of circulation, may not have a __ pulse.

A

dorsalis pedis

89
Q

what name does the femoral artery take as it emerges in the posterior thigh?

A

popliteal artery

90
Q

there are two _____ in comparison to the one _______.

A

brachiocephalic veins; brachiocephalic artery

91
Q

the artery often used to bypass a blocked coronary artery and restore blood flow to the myocardium is the ___ artery.

A

left internal thoracic

92
Q

from superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are:

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries

93
Q

into what veins do the splenic, gastric, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric veins drain?

A

hepatic portal vein

94
Q

what is the largest artery in the body?

A

aorta

95
Q

the celiac trunk branches almonst immediately into all the following arteries escept:

A

renal arteries

96
Q

abdominal circulation, where venous blood is drained from the stomach and the small and large intestines, first enters the liver through the:

A

hepatic portal system

97
Q

which of the following arteries does not branch off the aortic arch?

A

right subclavian artery

98
Q

all the following are veins of the lower limb except:

A

median antebrachial veins

99
Q

the left subclavian artery branches directly from the

A

aortic arch

100
Q

damage to the external iliac artery will affect delivery of the blood to the __

A

lower limb

101
Q

all of the following arteries are located within the upper limb except the

A

popliteal artery

102
Q

blood pressure is equivalent to

A

hydrostatic pressure

103
Q

blood flow through the capillary bed is regulated by

A

precapillary sphincters

104
Q

what type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest

A

sinusoidal capillaries

105
Q

tissue perfusion in the heart decreases during ventricular ___ and increases during ventricular __

A

systole; diastole

106
Q

under what conditions will the myogenic mechanism slow blood flow into a capillary bed?

A

rising arteriolar pressure

107
Q

which pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?

A

colloid osmotic pressure

108
Q

in which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?

A

water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration

109
Q

the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

110
Q

large, lipid-insoluble molecules cross capillary walls by__

A

transcytosis

111
Q

water in the blood exerts pressure on the walls of capillaries, generating __

A

blood hydrostatic pressure

112
Q

an excess amount of water in the interstitial fluid is known as __

A

edema

113
Q

tissue perfusion is largely controlled by __ to ensure that blood flow meets the cells’ needs

A

autoregulation

114
Q

small solutes can pass through small pores in the same capillaries known as

A

fenestrations

115
Q

the main local autoregulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue is __

A

oxygen

116
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

A

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure

117
Q

what is edema?

A

swelling

118
Q

which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?

A

veins

119
Q

this figure shows changes in blood pressure as blood flows through the systemic circuit away from the heart. what would be the approximate pressure in a blood vessel leaving the kidneys in an individual lying down?

A

below 20 mmHG

120
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to __ and inversely proportional to __

A

pressure gradient; resistance

121
Q

decreased cardiac output may lead to __

A

hypotension

122
Q

an increase in blood pressure will cause all the following nerves to send impulses to the medulla oblongata except:

A

sympathetic nerves

123
Q

a negative feedback mechanism will cause ___ if blood pressure drops

A

an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction

124
Q

which of the following factors does not contribute to venous blood return?

A

contractions of the right ventricle of the heart

125
Q

which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?

A

systemic arteries

126
Q

arteries have a much thicker __ than veins, which signifies their role in controlling blood pressure

A

tunica media

127
Q

the ___ is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins

A

pulmonary circuit

128
Q

all of the following pairs correctly match the mechanisms affecting blood pressure with its effect except:

A

aldosterone; decreased blood volume

129
Q

which of the following arteries has the smallest diameter?

A

metarteriole

130
Q

what is the average value for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

95 mmHg

131
Q

which of the following structures connects vessels through vascular anastomoses?

A

collaterals

132
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) given a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of 70 mmHg?

A

90 mm Hg

133
Q

one mechanism that increases the rate venous blood returns to the heart is by:

A

skeletal muscle pumps

134
Q

stage 2 hypertension results if resting blood pressure is higher than:

A

140/90 mmHg

135
Q

____ is (are) not one of the three main factors that influence blood pressure

A

blood reservoirs

136
Q

pulmonary arteries have __ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries.

A

considerably lower

137
Q

excessive vasodilation can lead to a condition known as ___

A

anaphylactic shock

138
Q

which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?

A

systemic arterioles

139
Q

most blood is in the __

A

veins

140
Q

___ carry blood away from the heart; whereas __ carry blood toward the heart

A

arteries; veins

141
Q

___ will not cause an increase in arterial blood pressure

A

increased arteriolar vasodilation

142
Q

__ increases the diameter of a blood vessel

A

vasodilation

143
Q

which of the following molecules decreases heart rate, and thus cardia output and blood pressure?

A

acetylcholine

144
Q

which of the following hormones does not act to increase blood pressure?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

145
Q

which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

146
Q

which of the following stimuli is detected by chemoreceptor?

A

decreased blood oxygen concentration

147
Q

the innermost layer of blood vessels, that is composed of endothelium, is known as__

A

tunica intima

148
Q

which of the following factors influences blood volume?

A

dehydration

149
Q

the physiology of blood flow in the cv system is known as

A

hemodynamics

150
Q

what vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

A&P (7 decks)

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