Chapters 17/18 CV system Flashcards
1
Q
which of the following blood vessels is not a great blood vessel of the heart?
A
pulmonary arteries
2
Q
the visceral pericardium is the same as the
A
epicardium
3
Q
which of the following structures is associated with the atria?
A
pectinate muscles
4
Q
what are the three layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?
A
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
5
Q
which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?
A
pulmonary trunk
6
Q
what blood vessels do ventricles always pump blood into?
A
arteries
7
Q
Which coronary artery supplies the left atrium and parts of the left ventricle?
A
circumflex artery
8
Q
where does the left ventricle send blood?
A
aorta
9
Q
the mitral valve is the clinical name for the
A
bicuspid valve
10
Q
what is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac?
A
fibrous pericardium
11
Q
which of the following blood vessels are associated with the coronary sinus?
A
great cardiac
12
Q
which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?
A
pulmonary vein
13
Q
oxygenated blood is delivered to the left atrium through the
A
pulmonary veins
14
Q
which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall?
A
left ventricle
15
Q
both the left and right atria receive blood from
A
veins
16
Q
what might happen if the papillary muscles and/or chordae tendineae stopped functioning?
A
blood would leak back into the atria from the ventricles
17
Q
which of the following is not a risk factor for coronary artery disease or myocardial ischemia?
A
low blood pressure
18
Q
blood in the right atrium should travel next past the
A
tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
19
Q
which of the following statements best describes the apex of the heart?
A
inferior tip of the heart and points toward the left side
20
Q
the right side of the heart receives
A
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit
21
Q
what condition results from excess fluid in the pericardial cavity compressing the heart and reducing the capacity of the ventricles to fill with blood?
A
cardiac tamponade
22
Q
which of the following statements best describes how coronary artery anastomoses might help a patient with coronary artery disease?
A
they provide alternate routes of blood flow when a vessel is blocked
23
Q
which of the following functions is not associated with the heart?
A
to increase the rate at which erythrocytes are formed
24
Q
what structure attached the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles?
A
chordae tendineae
25
what is the function of the valves in the heart?
prevent backflow of blood through the heart
26
what valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
27
which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?
foramen ovale
28
Which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the slowest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 20 times per minute?
Purkinje fiber system
29
Which of the following cardiac dysrhythmias is immediately life-threatening and manifests on the electrocardiogram (ECG) with chaotic activity?
ventricular fibrillation
30
Which of the following statements describes the total refractory period of cardiac muscle?
It is longer than the total refractory period for skeletal muscle.
31
Which of the following ion channels are time-gated closing channels?
Calcium ion channels
32
The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the __________.
Atria
33
Which of the following structural components is only found in cardiac muscles?
intercalated discs
34
What provides a graphic representation of all the action potentials occurring in the heart?
electrocardiogram
35
What obscures atrial repolarization on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
QRS complex
36
What allows the atria and ventricles to depolarize and contract separately?
Atrioventricular (AV) node delay
37
Autorhythmicity in the heart is a function of ________.
cardiac pacemaker cells
38
What part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave
39
What is a contractile cell with a membrane potential of 0 mV experiencing?
Plateau phase
40
What is initiated by a rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creating a positive membrane potential inside the cell?
Rapid depolarization phase
41
Which electrocardiogram (ECG) finding can be used to measure heart rate?
R-R interval
42
The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the __________.
sinoatrial (SA) node
43
What cardiac dysrhythmia does a patient have with a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute?
Bradycardia
44
Looking in a microscope, what are the visible structures that join cardiac muscle cells?
intercalated discs
45
What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
46
What kind of ion channels are unique to pacemaker cells?
HCN channels
47
What percentage of the total number of cardiac muscle cells are pacemaker cells?
1%
48
A damaged atrioventricular (AV) bundle or AV node will primarily affect the length of the __________.
P-R interval
49
Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
50
What cardiac dysrhythmia does a patient have with a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute?
bradycardia
51
What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.
52
Which of the following cell populations does not spontaneously generate action potentials in the cardiac conduction system?
Contractile cells
52
During what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?
Plateau phase
53
high pressured blood in the ventricles
forces the semilunar valves open
54
approx how much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase?
70 ml
55
which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?
atrial natriuretic peptide
56
the degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called
preload
57
during what phase is the S1 heart sound first heard?
isovolumetric contraction phase
58
approx how much blood is pumped from each ventricle during the ventricular ejection phase>
70 mL
59
which chamber generates the highest pressure during systole?
left ventricle
60
according the the frank-starling law, a bigger preload will result in
a stronger contraction
61
inotropic agents affect
contractility
62
which of the following events is not part of the cardiac cycle?
atrial contraction phase
63
what percentage of atria blood flows passively into the ventricles?
80%
64
which of the following factors would increase cardiac output to the greatest extend?
increased hr and increased sv
65
which of the following refers to the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries?
afterload
66
what largely determines preload?
end-disastolic volume (EDV)
67
which of the following events can be heard most easily with a stethoscope?
closing of AV valves
68
which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on hr?
vagus nerves (CN X)
69
which of the following paths does an action potential in the heart normally take?
SA node, atrial contractile cells, av node where it is delayed, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricular contractile cells
70
which of the following hormones decrease cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?
atrial natriuretic peptide
71
what is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle per heart beat?
stroke volume (SV)
72
which of the following chemical messengers decreases hr?
acetylcholine
73
calculate the ESV if the EDV in a resting heart is 110 ml and sv is 70 ml
40 ml
74
which wave on the ECG corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
p wave
75
what two values are needed to calculate cardiac output for a ventricle?
SV and HR
76
all the following veins drain into the inferior vena cava except
the vertebral veins
77
the lungs receive systemic blood supply by the way of the
bronchial arteries
78
into which veins does blood in the external jugular vein drain?
subclavian vein
79
which of the following veins drain into the inferior vena cava?
renal veins
80
the small intestine receives its blood supply from the
superior mesenteric artery
81
the main artery that crosses the ankle and enters the foot, supplying the anterior side of the foot, is known as the
dorsalis pedis artery
82
which of the following pathways represents the systemic flow of most blood?
artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, and vein
83
the superficial vein that is often used for bypass grafts is the:
great saphenous vein
84
blood flowing through the vertebral artery will enter the
brain
85
the thoracic organs are drained mainly by
the azygos system
86
most veins below the diaphragm drain into the
inferior vena cava
87
all of the following arteries contribute to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis) except the:
occipital arteries
88
a patient, whose foot has become numb from lack of circulation, may not have a __ pulse.
dorsalis pedis
89
what name does the femoral artery take as it emerges in the posterior thigh?
popliteal artery
90
there are two _____ in comparison to the one _______.
brachiocephalic veins; brachiocephalic artery
91
the artery often used to bypass a blocked coronary artery and restore blood flow to the myocardium is the ___ artery.
left internal thoracic
92
from superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are:
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries
93
into what veins do the splenic, gastric, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric veins drain?
hepatic portal vein
94
what is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
95
the celiac trunk branches almonst immediately into all the following arteries escept:
renal arteries
96
abdominal circulation, where venous blood is drained from the stomach and the small and large intestines, first enters the liver through the:
hepatic portal system
97
which of the following arteries does not branch off the aortic arch?
right subclavian artery
98
all the following are veins of the lower limb except:
median antebrachial veins
99
the left subclavian artery branches directly from the
aortic arch
100
damage to the external iliac artery will affect delivery of the blood to the __
lower limb
101
all of the following arteries are located within the upper limb except the
popliteal artery
102
blood pressure is equivalent to
hydrostatic pressure
103
blood flow through the capillary bed is regulated by
precapillary sphincters
104
what type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest
sinusoidal capillaries
105
tissue perfusion in the heart decreases during ventricular ___ and increases during ventricular __
systole; diastole
106
under what conditions will the myogenic mechanism slow blood flow into a capillary bed?
rising arteriolar pressure
107
which pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure
108
in which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?
water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration
109
the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is
blood colloid osmotic pressure
110
large, lipid-insoluble molecules cross capillary walls by__
transcytosis
111
water in the blood exerts pressure on the walls of capillaries, generating __
blood hydrostatic pressure
112
an excess amount of water in the interstitial fluid is known as __
edema
113
tissue perfusion is largely controlled by __ to ensure that blood flow meets the cells' needs
autoregulation
114
small solutes can pass through small pores in the same capillaries known as
fenestrations
115
the main local autoregulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue is __
oxygen
116
net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure
117
what is edema?
swelling
118
which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?
veins
119
this figure shows changes in blood pressure as blood flows through the systemic circuit away from the heart. what would be the approximate pressure in a blood vessel leaving the kidneys in an individual lying down?
below 20 mmHG
120
blood flow is directly proportional to __ and inversely proportional to __
pressure gradient; resistance
121
decreased cardiac output may lead to __
hypotension
122
an increase in blood pressure will cause all the following nerves to send impulses to the medulla oblongata except:
sympathetic nerves
123
a negative feedback mechanism will cause ___ if blood pressure drops
an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction
124
which of the following factors does not contribute to venous blood return?
contractions of the right ventricle of the heart
125
which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?
systemic arteries
126
arteries have a much thicker __ than veins, which signifies their role in controlling blood pressure
tunica media
127
the ___ is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins
pulmonary circuit
128
all of the following pairs correctly match the mechanisms affecting blood pressure with its effect except:
aldosterone; decreased blood volume
129
which of the following arteries has the smallest diameter?
metarteriole
130
what is the average value for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
95 mmHg
131
which of the following structures connects vessels through vascular anastomoses?
collaterals
132
what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) given a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of 70 mmHg?
90 mm Hg
133
one mechanism that increases the rate venous blood returns to the heart is by:
skeletal muscle pumps
134
stage 2 hypertension results if resting blood pressure is higher than:
140/90 mmHg
135
____ is (are) not one of the three main factors that influence blood pressure
blood reservoirs
136
pulmonary arteries have __ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries.
considerably lower
137
excessive vasodilation can lead to a condition known as ___
anaphylactic shock
138
which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?
systemic arterioles
139
most blood is in the __
veins
140
___ carry blood away from the heart; whereas __ carry blood toward the heart
arteries; veins
141
___ will not cause an increase in arterial blood pressure
increased arteriolar vasodilation
142
__ increases the diameter of a blood vessel
vasodilation
143
which of the following molecules decreases heart rate, and thus cardia output and blood pressure?
acetylcholine
144
which of the following hormones does not act to increase blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
145
which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
146
which of the following stimuli is detected by chemoreceptor?
decreased blood oxygen concentration
147
the innermost layer of blood vessels, that is composed of endothelium, is known as__
tunica intima
148
which of the following factors influences blood volume?
dehydration
149
the physiology of blood flow in the cv system is known as
hemodynamics
150
what vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
