Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Chapters 24/25 urinary system and electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapters 24/25 urinary system and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system

A

spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:

A

regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock?

A

adipose capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a glomerulus is:

A

a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

A

renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on the journey toward the glomerulus?

A

interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the:

A

distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which of the following is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa rects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries “leaky”?

A

fenestrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?

A

125

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)?

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?

A

creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hr period?

A

1.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

compared to the male urethra, the female urethra:

A

is shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what initiates the micturition reflex?

A

stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the main component of all body fluids?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what best describes hydrostatic pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

A

urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what condition accompanies overhydration, or hypotonic hydration?

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention:

A

angiotensin-II and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

classify sodium balance in the human body:

A

electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

A

hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.

A

carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

through what two systems is carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

A

respiratory and urinary systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what leads to respiratory acidosis?

A

hypoventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mrs. Frykolm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return the blood pH to normal.

A

hypoventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which blood vessel is highlighted.. on kidney

A

renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

which structure is highlighted?

A

ascending loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the glomerular capillaries are drained by the _

A

efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which of the following structure is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli that help increase surface area?

A

proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in cortical nephrons, the:

A

renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

starting with the most superficial layer, list the layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney.

A

renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __

A

proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

which of the following structures are found in the renal medulla?

A

nephron loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

filtrated fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries immediately enters the:

A

glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

which of the following is not a function that takes place in the kidneys?

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

A

renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, and ureter all enter and exit through the __

A

hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

all of the following functions are associated with the kidney except:

A

retention of metabolic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

urine drains from a major calyx into __

A

the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the two main divisions of the nephron are the:

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

which of the following sequences correctly follows the flow of blood, from largest to smallest, after the renal artery to just before the peritubular capillaries?

A

segmental artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent artery, glomerulus, and efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

all of the following physiological processes are carried out by the kidneys except:

A

protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

which part of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

A

renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The _ is an extremely thin layer of dense connective tissue that covers the kidney.

A

renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

a tightly packed group of cells where the ascending limb of the nephron loop and distal tubule transition are known as the:

A

macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is covered with specialized epithelial cells called:

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?

A

tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the glomerulus is a group of ___ capillaries, which allow large volumes of fluids and solutes to be exchanged

A

fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the distal tubule is made up of:

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with very few microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

A

interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the functional units of the kidneys are ___

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the __ is not an organ involved with the urinary system.

A

prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the area of the kidney that drains urine is the __

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

which of the following functions are performed by the urinary system?

A

maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and remove metabolic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

___ are the functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

the process of filtrations occurs at the ___

A

renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the ___

A

ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the __ into __

A

renal tubules; peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the principal and intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting system actively secrete __ from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate

A

hydrogen ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

the three layers of filtration membrane, from deep to superficial, are:

A

glomerular capillaries, basal lamina, and podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __

A

vessel diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

when blood volume increases, ___ will be released.

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate ___

A

blood pH

68
Q

sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can lead to all of the following activities, except __

A

increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

69
Q

The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is to:

A

secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood blood pressure or blood flow.

70
Q

In the absence of hormones, the distal tube and the collecting ducts are relatively __ to water.

A

impermeable

71
Q

what type of substances are found in the filtrate?

A

water and small solutes

72
Q

which of the following types of membrane transport does NOT use carrier proteins?

A

exocytosis

73
Q

the __ acts as a countercurrent exchanger in the renal medulla

A

vasa recta

74
Q

which of the following effects is the result of angiotensin-II (Ang-II)?

A

Ang-II promotes thirst

75
Q

what is the normal values for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?

A

125

76
Q

how much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hr period?

A

1.8

77
Q

what is net filtration pressure (NFP) in mmHg in the glomerular capillaries?

A

10

78
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is regulated directly by which of the following hormones?

A

angiotensin-II and atrial natriuretic peptide

79
Q

what effect will vasodilation of the afferent arteriole have on glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

it will increase the GHP and the GFR

80
Q

what is the primary pressure driving glomerular filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

81
Q

what does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?

A

creation of a steep of concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption

82
Q

GFR is regulated by all of the following factors except:

A

thermoregulation.

83
Q

countercurrent refers to the:

A

exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions

84
Q

glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __

A

proteins such as albumin in the blood

85
Q

severe renal failure, in which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 50% of normal, is known as _

A

uremia

86
Q

which part of the nephron loop are chloride ions actively reabsorbed?

A

thick ascending limb

87
Q

what is the net filtration pressure (NFR) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is 55 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is 15 mmHg, and the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is 35 mmHg?

A

5 mm Hg

88
Q

the main hormone regulating facultative water absorption is:

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

89
Q

glomerular filtrate is produced as result of:

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

90
Q

which hormones promotes facultative water reabsorption?

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

91
Q

the muscular band that acts as a value permitting voluntary control of micturition is called the:

A

external urethral sphincter

92
Q

which of the following substance may be present in urine in significant amounts when the kidneys are functioning normally?

A

creatine

93
Q

the trigone of urinary bladder is created by __

A

the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

94
Q

during the micturition reflex:

A

parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.

95
Q

renal clearance is defined as ___

A

the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood

96
Q

micturition involves:

A

voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions

97
Q

the type of tissue lining the urinary bladder is:

A

transitional epithelium

98
Q

the three tissue layers of the ureter, from superficial to deep, are:

A

adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa

99
Q

starting at the tip of the medullary pyramid, the correct sequence of structures that urine passes through on its way out of the body is:

A

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.

100
Q

which of the following solutes should NOT be found in filtrate?

A

albumin

101
Q

which of the following results would be considered abnormal in a urinalysis?

A

the presence of albumin

102
Q

which of the following factors would trigger a concern during a urinalysis?

A

cloudy urine

103
Q

which of the following statements regarding urethral anatomy is incorrect?

A

the male urethra is shorter than the female urethra

104
Q

each of the following characteristics is typical of urine except __

A

a pH of 3.0

105
Q

what initiates the micturition reflex?

A

stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

106
Q

which of the following functions is NOT an important role of hydrogen ions?

A

decreases sodium ion reabsorption

107
Q

which of the following solutes has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Calcium

108
Q

in what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?

A

Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell

109
Q

what is the main difference in composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

protein content

110
Q

fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to__

A

water balance

111
Q

which of the following hormones functions to regulate fluid balance in the body?

A

aldosterone

112
Q

which of the following individuals has the highest total body water percentage?

A

infants

113
Q

what would be the effect of a hypertonic extracellular fluid on a cell?

A

water will move out of cytosol and the cells shrinks

114
Q

what part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

what determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?

A

the force that fluids exert

116
Q

which of the following sources accounts for the majority of our total body water?

A

cytosol

117
Q

what chemical dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+)?

A

acid

118
Q

which of the following statements best describes the principle of mass balance?

A

what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body

119
Q

how much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?

A

500 ml

120
Q

how much water does an average person need to drink per day?

A

1.5 liters

121
Q

for which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?

A

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

122
Q

what percentage of body fluids does interstitial fluid account for?

A

32%

123
Q

under what condition might it be beneficial to administer hypertonic sodium chloride to a patient?

A

overhydration

124
Q

a patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. For which of the following patients is this solution an appropriate choice?

A

a patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration

125
Q

an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is called __

A

edema

126
Q

which of the following solutes will dissociate into ions when placed in water?

A

electrolyte

127
Q

what effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

ECF increases when ADH is present

128
Q

what is the most common base in the human body?

A

bicarbonate ion

129
Q

which of the following conditions is characterized by a decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

dehydration

130
Q

which of the following pH values is most acidic?

A

pH of 2

131
Q

which of the following pH values is considered basic, or alkaline?

A

pH of 10

132
Q

what is the main component of all body fluids?

A

water

133
Q

what happens to the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions are added?

A

the pH decreases

134
Q

which of the following functions is NOT associated with water?

A

acts as a nonpolar solvent

135
Q

what system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

A

urinary system

136
Q

which ion imbalance causes the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential to shorten, making the heart contractions shorter and weaker?

A

hypercalcemia

137
Q

what is the appropriate respiratory compensation for alkalosis?

A

decreased respiratory rate

138
Q

which of the following locations is a site of potassium ion secretion?

A

distal tubule

139
Q

what is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

A

dehydration

140
Q

what is a major function of potassium ions in the body?

A

maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells

141
Q

what is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

sodium ion

142
Q

through what two organ systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

A

respiratory and urinary systems

143
Q

which of the following functions is associated with chloride ions in the body?

A

involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes

144
Q

which of the following effects tend to be caused by hypernatremia?

A

cellular crenation

145
Q

which of the following factors is a possible cause for respiratory alkalosis?

A

brain tumor on the respiratory centers

146
Q

which of the following side effects is most likely to develop if a patient is given aldosterone inhibitors?

A

hyperkalemia

147
Q

which of the following actions is a primary role of the phosphate buffer system?

A

buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)

148
Q

which of the following ions is an important component of osseous tissue?

A

magnesium ions

149
Q

which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?

A

aldosterone

150
Q

what product forms when a hydrogen ion from a strong acid is accepted by a bicarbonate ion?

A

carbonic acid

151
Q

which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

152
Q

what is most abundant intracellular cation?

A

potassium

153
Q

what is the biggest source of metabolic acids in the body?

A

carbon dioxide

154
Q

what ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?

A

phosphate ions

155
Q

a patient is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. if the patient experienced damage to the kidneys from diabetes mellitus, predict how the body compensates to return blood pH to normal

A

hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal

156
Q

angiotensin-II restores fluid homeostasis when dehydration occurs as a result of inadequate fluid intake. which of the following actions i snot an effect of angiotensin-II?

A

Vasodilation

157
Q

what acid-base imbalance has an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level?

A

metabolic alkalosis

158
Q

what is the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system

159
Q

what is the pH range resulting from a normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids?

A

7.35-7.45

160
Q

what triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

161
Q

how does the respiratory system work to decrease acidosis?

A

carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled

162
Q

what effect will an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the plasma have on the plasma pH?

A

the pH will decrease

163
Q

what leads to respiratory acidosis?

A

hypoventilation

164
Q

where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

A

osseous tissue

165
Q

hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as __

A

metabolic acidosis

A&P (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions