Chapters 24/25 urinary system and electrolytes Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system
A
spleen
2
Q
erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:
A
regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow
3
Q
What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock?
A
adipose capsule
4
Q
a glomerulus is:
A
a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
5
Q
in which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?
A
renal medulla
6
Q
where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on the journey toward the glomerulus?
A
interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
7
Q
filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the:
A
distal tubule
8
Q
which of the following is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons?
A
cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa rects
9
Q
what increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries “leaky”?
A
fenestrations
10
Q
what is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?
A
125
11
Q
what chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)?
A
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
12
Q
what does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?
A
creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
13
Q
how much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hr period?
A
1.8
14
Q
compared to the male urethra, the female urethra:
A
is shorter
15
Q
what initiates the micturition reflex?
A
stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord
16
Q
what is the main component of all body fluids?
A
water
17
Q
which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?
A
cytosol
18
Q
what best describes hydrostatic pressure?
A
hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall
19
Q
which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
A
urinary system
20
Q
what part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
A
hypothalamus
21
Q
what condition accompanies overhydration, or hypotonic hydration?
A
hyponatremia
22
Q
identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention:
A
angiotensin-II and aldosterone
23
Q
classify sodium balance in the human body:
A
electrolyte balance
24
Q
the pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
A
hydrogen ions
25
determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.
carbonic acid
26
through what two systems is carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?
respiratory and urinary systems
27
what leads to respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation
28
Mrs. Frykolm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return the blood pH to normal.
hypoventilation
29
which blood vessel is highlighted.. on kidney
renal artery
30
which structure is highlighted?
ascending loop of Henle
31
the glomerular capillaries are drained by the _
efferent arteriole
32
which of the following structure is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli that help increase surface area?
proximal tubule
33
in cortical nephrons, the:
renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex.
34
starting with the most superficial layer, list the layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney.
renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule
35
the portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __
proximal tubule
36
which of the following structures are found in the renal medulla?
nephron loop
37
filtrated fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries immediately enters the:
glomerular capsule
38
which of the following is not a function that takes place in the kidneys?
hematopoiesis
39
in which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?
renal medulla
40
the renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, and ureter all enter and exit through the __
hilum
41
all of the following functions are associated with the kidney except:
retention of metabolic wastes
42
urine drains from a major calyx into __
the renal pelvis
43
the two main divisions of the nephron are the:
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
44
which of the following sequences correctly follows the flow of blood, from largest to smallest, after the renal artery to just before the peritubular capillaries?
segmental artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent artery, glomerulus, and efferent arteriole
45
all of the following physiological processes are carried out by the kidneys except:
protection
46
which part of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?
renal corpuscle
47
The _ is an extremely thin layer of dense connective tissue that covers the kidney.
renal capsule
48
a tightly packed group of cells where the ascending limb of the nephron loop and distal tubule transition are known as the:
macula densa
49
the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is covered with specialized epithelial cells called:
podocytes
50
which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?
tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.
51
the glomerulus is a group of ___ capillaries, which allow large volumes of fluids and solutes to be exchanged
fenestrated
52
what are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
53
the distal tubule is made up of:
simple cuboidal epithelium with very few microvilli
54
where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?
interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
55
the functional units of the kidneys are ___
nephrons
56
the __ is not an organ involved with the urinary system.
prostate gland
57
the area of the kidney that drains urine is the __
renal pelvis
58
which of the following functions are performed by the urinary system?
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and remove metabolic wastes
59
___ are the functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
60
the process of filtrations occurs at the ___
renal corpuscle
61
urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the ___
ureter
62
reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the __ into __
renal tubules; peritubular capillaries
63
the principal and intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting system actively secrete __ from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate
hydrogen ion
64
the three layers of filtration membrane, from deep to superficial, are:
glomerular capillaries, basal lamina, and podocytes
65
the myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __
vessel diameter
66
when blood volume increases, ___ will be released.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
67
The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate ___
blood pH
68
sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can lead to all of the following activities, except __
increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
69
The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is to:
secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood blood pressure or blood flow.
70
In the absence of hormones, the distal tube and the collecting ducts are relatively __ to water.
impermeable
71
what type of substances are found in the filtrate?
water and small solutes
72
which of the following types of membrane transport does NOT use carrier proteins?
exocytosis
73
the __ acts as a countercurrent exchanger in the renal medulla
vasa recta
74
which of the following effects is the result of angiotensin-II (Ang-II)?
Ang-II promotes thirst
75
what is the normal values for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?
125
76
how much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hr period?
1.8
77
what is net filtration pressure (NFP) in mmHg in the glomerular capillaries?
10
78
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is regulated directly by which of the following hormones?
angiotensin-II and atrial natriuretic peptide
79
what effect will vasodilation of the afferent arteriole have on glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
it will increase the GHP and the GFR
80
what is the primary pressure driving glomerular filtration?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
81
what does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop?
creation of a steep of concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
82
GFR is regulated by all of the following factors except:
thermoregulation.
83
countercurrent refers to the:
exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions
84
glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __
proteins such as albumin in the blood
85
severe renal failure, in which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 50% of normal, is known as _
uremia
86
which part of the nephron loop are chloride ions actively reabsorbed?
thick ascending limb
87
what is the net filtration pressure (NFR) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is 55 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is 15 mmHg, and the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is 35 mmHg?
5 mm Hg
88
the main hormone regulating facultative water absorption is:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
89
glomerular filtrate is produced as result of:
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
90
which hormones promotes facultative water reabsorption?
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
91
the muscular band that acts as a value permitting voluntary control of micturition is called the:
external urethral sphincter
92
which of the following substance may be present in urine in significant amounts when the kidneys are functioning normally?
creatine
93
the trigone of urinary bladder is created by __
the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
94
during the micturition reflex:
parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.
95
renal clearance is defined as ___
the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood
96
micturition involves:
voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions
97
the type of tissue lining the urinary bladder is:
transitional epithelium
98
the three tissue layers of the ureter, from superficial to deep, are:
adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa
99
starting at the tip of the medullary pyramid, the correct sequence of structures that urine passes through on its way out of the body is:
calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
100
which of the following solutes should NOT be found in filtrate?
albumin
101
which of the following results would be considered abnormal in a urinalysis?
the presence of albumin
102
which of the following factors would trigger a concern during a urinalysis?
cloudy urine
103
which of the following statements regarding urethral anatomy is incorrect?
the male urethra is shorter than the female urethra
104
each of the following characteristics is typical of urine except __
a pH of 3.0
105
what initiates the micturition reflex?
stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.
106
which of the following functions is NOT an important role of hydrogen ions?
decreases sodium ion reabsorption
107
which of the following solutes has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Calcium
108
in what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?
Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell
109
what is the main difference in composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?
protein content
110
fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to__
water balance
111
which of the following hormones functions to regulate fluid balance in the body?
aldosterone
112
which of the following individuals has the highest total body water percentage?
infants
113
what would be the effect of a hypertonic extracellular fluid on a cell?
water will move out of cytosol and the cells shrinks
114
what part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
hypothalamus
115
what determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?
the force that fluids exert
116
which of the following sources accounts for the majority of our total body water?
cytosol
117
what chemical dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+)?
acid
118
which of the following statements best describes the principle of mass balance?
what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body
119
how much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
500 ml
120
how much water does an average person need to drink per day?
1.5 liters
121
for which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
fluid and electrolyte imbalance
122
what percentage of body fluids does interstitial fluid account for?
32%
123
under what condition might it be beneficial to administer hypertonic sodium chloride to a patient?
overhydration
124
a patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. For which of the following patients is this solution an appropriate choice?
a patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration
125
an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is called __
edema
126
which of the following solutes will dissociate into ions when placed in water?
electrolyte
127
what effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ECF increases when ADH is present
128
what is the most common base in the human body?
bicarbonate ion
129
which of the following conditions is characterized by a decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
dehydration
130
which of the following pH values is most acidic?
pH of 2
131
which of the following pH values is considered basic, or alkaline?
pH of 10
132
what is the main component of all body fluids?
water
133
what happens to the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions are added?
the pH decreases
134
which of the following functions is NOT associated with water?
acts as a nonpolar solvent
135
what system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
urinary system
136
which ion imbalance causes the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential to shorten, making the heart contractions shorter and weaker?
hypercalcemia
137
what is the appropriate respiratory compensation for alkalosis?
decreased respiratory rate
138
which of the following locations is a site of potassium ion secretion?
distal tubule
139
what is the most common cause for hypernatremia?
dehydration
140
what is a major function of potassium ions in the body?
maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
141
what is the most abundant extracellular cation?
sodium ion
142
through what two organ systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?
respiratory and urinary systems
143
which of the following functions is associated with chloride ions in the body?
involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes
144
which of the following effects tend to be caused by hypernatremia?
cellular crenation
145
which of the following factors is a possible cause for respiratory alkalosis?
brain tumor on the respiratory centers
146
which of the following side effects is most likely to develop if a patient is given aldosterone inhibitors?
hyperkalemia
147
which of the following actions is a primary role of the phosphate buffer system?
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
148
which of the following ions is an important component of osseous tissue?
magnesium ions
149
which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?
aldosterone
150
what product forms when a hydrogen ion from a strong acid is accepted by a bicarbonate ion?
carbonic acid
151
which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
152
what is most abundant intracellular cation?
potassium
153
what is the biggest source of metabolic acids in the body?
carbon dioxide
154
what ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?
phosphate ions
155
a patient is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. if the patient experienced damage to the kidneys from diabetes mellitus, predict how the body compensates to return blood pH to normal
hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal
156
angiotensin-II restores fluid homeostasis when dehydration occurs as a result of inadequate fluid intake. which of the following actions i snot an effect of angiotensin-II?
Vasodilation
157
what acid-base imbalance has an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level?
metabolic alkalosis
158
what is the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system
159
what is the pH range resulting from a normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids?
7.35-7.45
160
what triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
161
how does the respiratory system work to decrease acidosis?
carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled
162
what effect will an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the plasma have on the plasma pH?
the pH will decrease
163
what leads to respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation
164
where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
osseous tissue
165
hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as __
metabolic acidosis
