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A&P > Lymphatic system and immunity Ch 20 > Flashcards

Lymphatic system and immunity Ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

the major lymphatic vessel that drains the right inferior side of the body is the

A

thoracic duct

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2
Q

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

A

innate external defenses

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3
Q

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

A

innate internal defenses

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4
Q

What cells make antibodies?

A

plasma B cells

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5
Q

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

A

an antigenic determinant

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6
Q

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

A

humoral immunity

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7
Q

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

A

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

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8
Q

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A

Helper T cells

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10
Q

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit

A

a primary immune response

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11
Q

antibodies can bind to viral proteins, animal venoms, and bacterial toxins, rendering them inactive, by a process known as _

A

neutralization

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12
Q

which of the following disorders is NOT a type of hypersensitivity?

A

immunodeficiency hypersensitivity

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13
Q

autoimmune diseases are disorders where the immune system fails to distinguish _ from foreign ones

A

self antigens

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14
Q

passive immunity provided to newborns through the placenta belong to the __ class of immunoglobulins

A

IgG

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15
Q

Cell-mediated immunity responds to

A

cancer cells

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16
Q

what protein, released by cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, perforates a target cell’s plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell’s DNA?

A

perforins

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17
Q

mucous membranes and tears contain antimicrobial substances such as __

A

IgA

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18
Q

which of the following immune responses is NOT associated with the common cold?

A

neutrophils enter the area in large numbers and phagocytize bacteria

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19
Q

what is a determinant for organ compatibility and rejection of transplants?

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

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20
Q

Approx. 75-80% of circulating antibodies in serum are __

A

IgG

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21
Q

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

A

Thymus

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22
Q

What cells decline in number during the final phase of HIV-1 infection, when an individual is said to have AIDS?

A

Helper T (Th) cells

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23
Q

Activated B cells differentiate into __

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

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24
Q

Which of the following statements are true of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?

A

Class 1 MHC molecules present endogenous antigens

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25
Q

T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as _

A

immune surveillance

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26
Q

what type of cell is activated in lymphatic tissue by macrophages presenting antigens during a viral infection?

A

Helper T (Th) cells

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27
Q

The antibody IgE directly triggers _

A

inflammation

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28
Q

Blood transfusions between incompatible blood types results in __

A

type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity

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29
Q

Cells that de-differentiate, lose cell cycle control, and lose their attachment to the surrounding cells, are known as __

A

Cancer cells

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30
Q

cytotoxic T cells are also known as __

A

CD8 cells

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31
Q

__ cells are required for almost all parts of the innate and adaptive immune responses to function properly.

A

Th

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32
Q

__ , cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigens, reside in the blood, lymphoid organs, or other lymphatic tissue.

A

Naïve T cells

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33
Q

The reason why some vaccines require booster shots is because they are __

A

inactivated vaccines

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34
Q

B cells develop and mature in the __

A

bone marrow

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35
Q

which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgK

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36
Q

The primary immune response can take up to _ for the antibody to peak, whereas the secondary immune response can take up to __ for the antibody to peak.

A

7-14 days; 3-5 days

37
Q

a systemic release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators leads to the most dramatic immediate hypersensitivity reaction known as ___

A

anaphylactic shock

38
Q

which of the following processes is NOT a function of antibodies?

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

chemical signals produced by leukocytes that affect other leukocytes are

A

Interluekins

40
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the _

A

tonsils

41
Q

which lymph trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs?

A

subclavian trunks

42
Q

lymph from the thoracic cavity is drained by the __ trunks

A

bronchomediastinal

43
Q

the lymphatic organ that protects us from pathogens in our blood is the __

A

spleen

44
Q

the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels is the _

A

lymph node

45
Q

lymph draining into lymphatic vessels from the right leg to the bloodstream would travel along the following path:

A

right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

46
Q

which region is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A

right side of the abdomen

47
Q

the lymph from the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct empty into the __

A

subclavian veins

48
Q

lymph is most closely related to __

A

interstitial fluid

49
Q

what cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes?

A

antigen-presenting cells

50
Q

which of the following lists the body’s first, second, and third line of defense in order?

A

surface barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

51
Q

the lymphoid organ that is the site of maturation of T-lymphocytes is the __

A

thymus

52
Q

the largest lymphatic duct, which runs along the anterior vertebral column, is the __

A

thoracic duct

53
Q

the second line of defense consists of responses of the cells and proteins that make up __

A

innate immunity

54
Q

all immune cells of the lymphatic system originate in the __

A

bone marrow

55
Q

what are the primary cells of adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

56
Q

___ will increase their oxygen consumption when activated, known as respiratory burst, allowing them to create chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide

A

neutrophils

57
Q

which of the following molecules is NOT a cytokine involved in innate immunity?

A

opsonins

58
Q

which of the following components is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense?

A

antibody

59
Q

the cisterna chyli receive lymph drained from the ___

A

interstitial and lumbar trunks

60
Q

__ will inhibit the ability of pathogens to infect other cells

A

interferons

61
Q

clusters of lymph nodes found under the arms are the

A

axillary lymph nodes

62
Q

which of the following basic functions is NOT associated with the lymphatic system?

A

transport of blood

63
Q

the system that contains no organs or tissues of its own but instead consists of proteins and cells located in the blood is known as the __ system.

A

immune

64
Q

which lymphatic organ contains both red pulp and white pulp?

A

spleen

65
Q

which type of cell is most effective in attacking parasitic pathogens such as tapeworms?

A

eosinophils

66
Q

specialized lymphatic capillaries known as __ absorb dietary fats in the small intestine.

A

lacteals

67
Q

specialized clusters of MALT known as Peyer’s patches are found in the __

A

small intestine

68
Q

how long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur?

A

3-4 days

69
Q

acquired immunity allows for immunological memory in which lymphocytes respond to specific antigens during a lifetime. another name for acquired immunity is __

A

adaptive immunity

70
Q

which of the following cells is NOT found in most lymphoid tissues?

A

chondrocytes

71
Q

dead leukocytes, dead tissue cells, and fluid can all accumulate to form __

A

pus

72
Q

pyrogens act on the __ and disrupts the body’s thermostat.

A

hypothalamus

73
Q

MALT is an acronym for __ in the lymphatic system

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

74
Q

the deep indents that trap bacteria in the epithelium lining the tonsils are known as __

A

crypts

75
Q

which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system?

A

thymus

76
Q

the lymphatic organ that atrophies as we age is the __

A

thymus

77
Q

removal of which of the following lymphoid organs would be most detrimental to immune function in an infant?

A

thymus

78
Q

where are pathogens filtered from lymph?

A

lymph nodes

79
Q

what mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) traps pathogens entering the nasal and oral cavities?

A

tonsils

80
Q

fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as __

A

lymph

81
Q

surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the __

A

first line of defense

82
Q

all of the following structures are tonsils except:

A

hypoglossal tonsils

83
Q

which of the following symptoms is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

A

Cold

84
Q

found in secretions such as breast milk and saliva

A

IgA

85
Q

the only antibody not secreted in significant amounts by B cells

A

IgD

86
Q

Binds antigens associated with parasitic pathogens and allergens

A

IgE

87
Q

The only antibody that can cross the placenta from mother to fetus

A

IgG

88
Q

The first antibody secreted upon exposure to an antigen

A

IgM

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