Chapters 22/23 digestive Flashcards
1
Q
the digestive organs arterial blood supply does NOT come from the __
A
hepatic portal vein
2
Q
the ___ is the space between the lips and cheeks.
A
vestibule
3
Q
the crown of a tooth is covered by ___
A
enamel
4
Q
which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?
A
pancreas
5
Q
which of the following organs is part of alimentary canal?
A
esophagus
6
Q
motility through the alimentary canal consists of all of the following different types except ___
A
mastication
7
Q
the layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outer layer, are:
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
8
Q
as a bolus moves down the esophagus, its movement into the stomach is regulated by the ___
A
gastroesophageal sphincter
9
Q
the ____ forms the outer tissue layer of some abdominal organs.
A
visceral peritoneum
10
Q
the ___ covers the abdominal organs like an apron
A
greater omentum
11
Q
what is the main job of the pharynx?
A
propulsion
12
Q
food does not normally come in contact with the __, but they are involved in secretion and digestion.
A
accessory organs
13
Q
the circular arrangement of muscles around an opening that controls the passage of material through the alimentary canal is known as a ___
A
sphincter
14
Q
saliva is produced by all of the following glands except ____
A
esophageal glands
15
Q
what creates the mesentery?
A
visceral peritoneum
16
Q
the main function of the tongue during digestion is to ___
A
help turn food into a bolus and push the bolus posteriorly during swallowing
17
Q
the three phases of swallowing, in order, are:
A
voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.
18
Q
what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
A
hard palate and soft palate
19
Q
the ___ of teeth is composed of material most similar to bone.
A
cementum
20
Q
carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____
A
mouth
21
Q
which of the following functions of the digestive system allows for food and liquids to pass from one organ to the next?
A
propulsion
22
Q
what is the first process to occur in the digestive system?
A
ingestion
23
Q
the third set of molars are more commonly known as ___
A
wisdom teeth
24
Q
the __ of the small intestine facilitate its role in digestion and absorption.
A
circular folds
25
which process is a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
segmentation
26
place the structures of the large intestine listed in their correct sequence, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum.
1. right colic flexure
2. sigmoid colon
3. ascending colon
4. transverse colon
5. left colic flexure
6. descending colon
3, 1, 4, 5, 6, 2
ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon
27
what can we consciously control about the defecation reflex?
relaxation of the external anal sphincter
28
what are rugae?
folds in the mucosa of the stomach
29
the most active site for chemical digestion and absorption is the ___
jejunum
30
which section of the large intestine begins at the splenic flexure?
descending colon
31
the acid pH of the gastric juice is caused by the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the ___
parietal cells
32
which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?
duodenum
33
The ____ are the smallest folds in the small intestine that create the appearance of a brush border.
microvilli
34
the smell, sight, or even thought of food can activate the ___ of gastric acid secretion in the stomach.
cephalic phase
35
which feature of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?
microvilli
36
which of the following features does NOT increase surface area in the small intestine?
rugae
37
what is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?
gastrin
38
the longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the ____
taeniae coli
39
gastric pressure increases and stomach and intestinal contents are propelled in the opposite direction during ___
vomitting
40
the final process to occur in the alimentary canal is ____
defecation
41
what region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter?
cardia
42
the main functions of the ____ are churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin.
stomach
43
which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
defecation involves the sympathetic nervous system.
44
the ___ is the terminal portion of the stomach
pylorus
45
the majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme __
pancreatic lipase
46
the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete their exocrine products into small ducts that drain into the ___
main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct
47
the ___ ligament is on the ventral surface of the liver and divides the liver into right and left lobes.
falciform
48
which of the following proteolytic enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
pepsin
49
the acidic chyme is neutralized as it enters the small intestine by ___
pancreatic juice
50
the liver carries out all of the following functions except ___
glucagon secretion
51
damaged hepatocytes will impair ____
bile production
52
what is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?
bile
53
which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?
large intestine
54
within the enterocytes, lipids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into ___
chylomicrons
55
the ___ carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
pancreatic duct
56
which of the following actions best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis?
nutrient breakdown
57
dietary fats are emulsified by a fluid produced by which accessory organ?
liver
58
which of the following sequences is the correct flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein - portal triad - hepatic sinusoids - central vein - hepatic vein
59
what cells compose the liver lobules?
hepatocytes
60
which of the following ducts does not transport bile?
accessory pancreatic duct
61
the portal triad of the liver contains all of the following structures except ___
hepatic sinusoids
62
the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to enter the duodenum at the ____
hepatopancreatic ampulla
63
_____ is the hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.
CCK
64
the digestion and absorption of nucleic acids begin ___
in the small intestine
65
bile release from the gallbladder is stimulated by the hormone ____
cholecystokinin (CCK)
66
in which portion of the alimentary canal is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?
duodenum
67
the pancreas is stimulated to release its secretions by ___
secretin
68
the process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called _____
emulsification
69
chemical digestion breaks down ___ into ____
carbohydrates; monosaccharides
70
emulsification requires __
bile salts
71
bile is produced by the ___ and stored in the ____
liver; gallbladder
72
lacteals ___
absorb the products of fat digestion
73
which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?
lactase
74
which of the following is NOT a lobe of the liver?
falciform ligament
75
which of the following molecules results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?
glycerol and fatty acids
76
what molecule CANNOT be used for gluconeogenesis?
fatty acid
77
what happens to excess amino acids?
they are converted to glucose and fatty acids
78
where does gluconeogenesis occur?
liver and kidneys
79
what two products can be generated from the transmission of an amino acid?
carbon skeleton and glutamate
80
what causes phenylketonuria?
a deficiency of an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine
81
what are the two main storage materials for nutrient energy in the body?
glycogen and adipose
82
what part of a triglyceride undergoes B-oxidation?
fatty acids
83
what process catabolizes fatty acids?
B-oxidation
84
what hormone stimulates the satiety center?
leptin
85
the majority of the body's energy is stored as __
triglycerides
86
during lipogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized from ___
acetyl-CoA
87
If a patient has ketoacidosis resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, then they must use ___ to generate ATP.
fatty acids
88
which of the following chemicals is a waste product from amino acid catabolism?
urea
89
the liver cannot metabolize ___ in any significant amount.
ketone bodies
90
which of the following molecules will NOT be converted to fat by lipogenesis?
nucleic acids
91
which of the following processes does NOT occur during the absorptive state?
ketogenesis in hepatocytes converts fatty acids to ketone bodies and releases them into the blood.
92
what process synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycerol or certain amino acids?
gluconeogenesis
93
from which of the following precursors are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis?
Acetyl-CoA
94
feeding centers are located in the ___
hypothalamus
95
the process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as ___
glycogenesis
96
what hormone directly stimulates the hunger center?
ghrelin
97
what process breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the blood?
glycogenolysis
98
the release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of ___
ammonia
99
which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?
insulin
100
Vitamins are classified as ___
micronutrients
101
a patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 28 will be classified as ___
overweight
102
which of the following vitamins is water soluble?
Vitamin C
103
what is the primary function of copper in the body?
component of coenzymes of the electron transport chain
104
water-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with water and polar solutes. What water-soluble vitamin is the exception?
Vitamin B12
105
Which of the following activities will increase your basal metabolic rate (BMR) the most?
weight training 3 times a week
106
which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
107
Vitamin B9 is also known as ___
folic acid
108
what is the only complete plant protein?
Soy
109
thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near ____
37.5*C (99.5* F)
110
which of the following characteristics is associated with unsaturated fatty acids?
may have potential health benefits
111
heat transferred from one object to another through direct contact is called _____
conduction
112
the total amount of energy expended by the body to power ALL of its processes is called ___
the metabolic rate
113
what percentage of the total caloric intake should be carbohydrates?
45-65%
114
which of the following micronutrients is considered a major mineral?
sulfur
115
what part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation?
hypothalamus
116
which of the following food sources is a poor source of materials?
high-fat foods
117
fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of ___
monosaccharides and disaccharides
118
molecules that can only be obtained from the diet are called _____
essential nutrients
119
select the two factors on which body mass index depends.
height and weight
120
heat is exchanges between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms except __
precipitation
121
which vitamin is required for calcium ion homeostasis and bone growth?
vitamin D
122
which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a person functioning at basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
has not eaten in the past 6 hours
123
which of the following substances is considered good in higher levels?
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
124
which of the following body temperatures is recognized as the defining temperature for hyperthermia?
38.3*C (101* F) or higher
