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A&P > Chapters 22/23 digestive > Flashcards

Chapters 22/23 digestive Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive organs arterial blood supply does NOT come from the __

A

hepatic portal vein

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2
Q

the ___ is the space between the lips and cheeks.

A

vestibule

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3
Q

the crown of a tooth is covered by ___

A

enamel

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4
Q

which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?

A

pancreas

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5
Q

which of the following organs is part of alimentary canal?

A

esophagus

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6
Q

motility through the alimentary canal consists of all of the following different types except ___

A

mastication

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7
Q

the layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outer layer, are:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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8
Q

as a bolus moves down the esophagus, its movement into the stomach is regulated by the ___

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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9
Q

the ____ forms the outer tissue layer of some abdominal organs.

A

visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

the ___ covers the abdominal organs like an apron

A

greater omentum

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11
Q

what is the main job of the pharynx?

A

propulsion

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12
Q

food does not normally come in contact with the __, but they are involved in secretion and digestion.

A

accessory organs

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13
Q

the circular arrangement of muscles around an opening that controls the passage of material through the alimentary canal is known as a ___

A

sphincter

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14
Q

saliva is produced by all of the following glands except ____

A

esophageal glands

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15
Q

what creates the mesentery?

A

visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

the main function of the tongue during digestion is to ___

A

help turn food into a bolus and push the bolus posteriorly during swallowing

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17
Q

the three phases of swallowing, in order, are:

A

voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

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18
Q

what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

A

hard palate and soft palate

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19
Q

the ___ of teeth is composed of material most similar to bone.

A

cementum

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20
Q

carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____

A

mouth

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21
Q

which of the following functions of the digestive system allows for food and liquids to pass from one organ to the next?

A

propulsion

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22
Q

what is the first process to occur in the digestive system?

A

ingestion

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23
Q

the third set of molars are more commonly known as ___

A

wisdom teeth

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24
Q

the __ of the small intestine facilitate its role in digestion and absorption.

A

circular folds

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25
Q

which process is a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A

segmentation

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26
Q

place the structures of the large intestine listed in their correct sequence, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum.
1. right colic flexure
2. sigmoid colon
3. ascending colon
4. transverse colon
5. left colic flexure
6. descending colon

A

3, 1, 4, 5, 6, 2
ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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27
Q

what can we consciously control about the defecation reflex?

A

relaxation of the external anal sphincter

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28
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds in the mucosa of the stomach

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29
Q

the most active site for chemical digestion and absorption is the ___

A

jejunum

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30
Q

which section of the large intestine begins at the splenic flexure?

A

descending colon

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31
Q

the acid pH of the gastric juice is caused by the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the ___

A

parietal cells

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32
Q

which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

A

duodenum

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33
Q

The ____ are the smallest folds in the small intestine that create the appearance of a brush border.

A

microvilli

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34
Q

the smell, sight, or even thought of food can activate the ___ of gastric acid secretion in the stomach.

A

cephalic phase

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35
Q

which feature of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?

A

microvilli

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36
Q

which of the following features does NOT increase surface area in the small intestine?

A

rugae

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37
Q

what is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

A

gastrin

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38
Q

the longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the ____

A

taeniae coli

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39
Q

gastric pressure increases and stomach and intestinal contents are propelled in the opposite direction during ___

A

vomitting

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40
Q

the final process to occur in the alimentary canal is ____

A

defecation

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41
Q

what region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

cardia

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42
Q

the main functions of the ____ are churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin.

A

stomach

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43
Q

which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A

defecation involves the sympathetic nervous system.

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44
Q

the ___ is the terminal portion of the stomach

A

pylorus

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45
Q

the majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme __

A

pancreatic lipase

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46
Q

the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete their exocrine products into small ducts that drain into the ___

A

main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct

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47
Q

the ___ ligament is on the ventral surface of the liver and divides the liver into right and left lobes.

A

falciform

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48
Q

which of the following proteolytic enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?

A

pepsin

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49
Q

the acidic chyme is neutralized as it enters the small intestine by ___

A

pancreatic juice

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50
Q

the liver carries out all of the following functions except ___

A

glucagon secretion

51
Q

damaged hepatocytes will impair ____

A

bile production

52
Q

what is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?

A

bile

53
Q

which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?

A

large intestine

54
Q

within the enterocytes, lipids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into ___

A

chylomicrons

55
Q

the ___ carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.

A

pancreatic duct

56
Q

which of the following actions best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

nutrient breakdown

57
Q

dietary fats are emulsified by a fluid produced by which accessory organ?

A

liver

58
Q

which of the following sequences is the correct flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein - portal triad - hepatic sinusoids - central vein - hepatic vein

59
Q

what cells compose the liver lobules?

A

hepatocytes

60
Q

which of the following ducts does not transport bile?

A

accessory pancreatic duct

61
Q

the portal triad of the liver contains all of the following structures except ___

A

hepatic sinusoids

62
Q

the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to enter the duodenum at the ____

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

63
Q

_____ is the hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.

A

CCK

64
Q

the digestion and absorption of nucleic acids begin ___

A

in the small intestine

65
Q

bile release from the gallbladder is stimulated by the hormone ____

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

66
Q

in which portion of the alimentary canal is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?

A

duodenum

67
Q

the pancreas is stimulated to release its secretions by ___

A

secretin

68
Q

the process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called _____

A

emulsification

69
Q

chemical digestion breaks down ___ into ____

A

carbohydrates; monosaccharides

70
Q

emulsification requires __

A

bile salts

71
Q

bile is produced by the ___ and stored in the ____

A

liver; gallbladder

72
Q

lacteals ___

A

absorb the products of fat digestion

73
Q

which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?

A

lactase

74
Q

which of the following is NOT a lobe of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

75
Q

which of the following molecules results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

76
Q

what molecule CANNOT be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

fatty acid

77
Q

what happens to excess amino acids?

A

they are converted to glucose and fatty acids

78
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver and kidneys

79
Q

what two products can be generated from the transmission of an amino acid?

A

carbon skeleton and glutamate

80
Q

what causes phenylketonuria?

A

a deficiency of an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine

81
Q

what are the two main storage materials for nutrient energy in the body?

A

glycogen and adipose

82
Q

what part of a triglyceride undergoes B-oxidation?

A

fatty acids

83
Q

what process catabolizes fatty acids?

A

B-oxidation

84
Q

what hormone stimulates the satiety center?

A

leptin

85
Q

the majority of the body’s energy is stored as __

A

triglycerides

86
Q

during lipogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized from ___

A

acetyl-CoA

87
Q

If a patient has ketoacidosis resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, then they must use ___ to generate ATP.

A

fatty acids

88
Q

which of the following chemicals is a waste product from amino acid catabolism?

A

urea

89
Q

the liver cannot metabolize ___ in any significant amount.

A

ketone bodies

90
Q

which of the following molecules will NOT be converted to fat by lipogenesis?

A

nucleic acids

91
Q

which of the following processes does NOT occur during the absorptive state?

A

ketogenesis in hepatocytes converts fatty acids to ketone bodies and releases them into the blood.

92
Q

what process synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycerol or certain amino acids?

A

gluconeogenesis

93
Q

from which of the following precursors are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA

94
Q

feeding centers are located in the ___

A

hypothalamus

95
Q

the process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as ___

A

glycogenesis

96
Q

what hormone directly stimulates the hunger center?

A

ghrelin

97
Q

what process breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the blood?

A

glycogenolysis

98
Q

the release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of ___

A

ammonia

99
Q

which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A

insulin

100
Q

Vitamins are classified as ___

A

micronutrients

101
Q

a patient with a body mass index (BMI) of 28 will be classified as ___

A

overweight

102
Q

which of the following vitamins is water soluble?

A

Vitamin C

103
Q

what is the primary function of copper in the body?

A

component of coenzymes of the electron transport chain

104
Q

water-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with water and polar solutes. What water-soluble vitamin is the exception?

A

Vitamin B12

105
Q

Which of the following activities will increase your basal metabolic rate (BMR) the most?

A

weight training 3 times a week

106
Q

which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile?

A

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

107
Q

Vitamin B9 is also known as ___

A

folic acid

108
Q

what is the only complete plant protein?

A

Soy

109
Q

thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near ____

A

37.5C (99.5 F)

110
Q

which of the following characteristics is associated with unsaturated fatty acids?

A

may have potential health benefits

111
Q

heat transferred from one object to another through direct contact is called _____

A

conduction

112
Q

the total amount of energy expended by the body to power ALL of its processes is called ___

A

the metabolic rate

113
Q

what percentage of the total caloric intake should be carbohydrates?

A

45-65%

114
Q

which of the following micronutrients is considered a major mineral?

A

sulfur

115
Q

what part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation?

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

which of the following food sources is a poor source of materials?

A

high-fat foods

117
Q

fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of ___

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

118
Q

molecules that can only be obtained from the diet are called _____

A

essential nutrients

119
Q

select the two factors on which body mass index depends.

A

height and weight

120
Q

heat is exchanges between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms except __

A

precipitation

121
Q

which vitamin is required for calcium ion homeostasis and bone growth?

A

vitamin D

122
Q

which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a person functioning at basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

has not eaten in the past 6 hours

123
Q

which of the following substances is considered good in higher levels?

A

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

124
Q

which of the following body temperatures is recognized as the defining temperature for hyperthermia?

A

38.3C (101 F) or higher

A&P (7 decks)

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