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Exercise Physiology > Respiratory system and exercise > Flashcards

Respiratory system and exercise Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

gas exchange mouth to lungs

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2
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange from lungs to blood

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3
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange from blood to cells

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

process to get ATP - anerobic/aerobic

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5
Q

VE (2)

A

minute ventilation - the volume of air inspired/expired each minute

VE = breathing rate X tidal volume

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6
Q

VD

A

dead space - amount of air in the airway that does not undergo gas exchange = approx 150 mL

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7
Q

VT

A

tidal volume - amt of air that is inspired or expired in a normal breath

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8
Q

f

A

frequency

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9
Q

VD/VT

A

ratio of dead space to tidal volume

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10
Q

VA

A

alveolar ventilation - volume of air available for gas exchange
VA = (VT-VD) xF

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11
Q

PAO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen at the alveoli

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12
Q

PaO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood

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13
Q

SaO2%

A

percent saturation of arterial blood with oxygen

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14
Q

PACO2

A

partical pressure of CO2 at the alveoli

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15
Q

(A-a)PO2diff

A

oxygen or PO2 pressure gradient beween the alveoli and the arteries

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16
Q

PaO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood

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17
Q

paCO2

A

partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

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18
Q

PvCO2

A

partial pressure of CO2 in venous blood

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19
Q

SvO2%

A

percent saturation of venous blood with oxygen

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20
Q

PvO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood

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21
Q

conductive zone (3)

A

nose and mouth to trachea to bronchi to bronchioles

  • air is adjusted to body temperature, filtered and humidified
  • anatomical dead (VD) space
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22
Q

respiratory zone (2)

A

terminal bronchioles to alveolar sacs to alveoli

- external respiration

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23
Q

300 million alveoli provide the surface for

A

gas exchange between lung tissue and blood (size of a tennis court)

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24
Q

location of capillaries and alveoli

A

side by side with thin surfaces to faciliate rapid gas exchange

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25
Q

amt of gases that diffuse from alveoli to/from blood each min at rest

A

250ml o2 and 200 ml co2

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26
Q

two types of cells that compose the alveoli

A

type 1 - pavement cells that form the walls of alveolus, gas exchange
type 2 - produce pulmonary surfactant to decrease surface tension 3.5ml/min

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27
Q

why do we need surfactant?

A

the water in the lungs wants to make them collapsed

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28
Q

smooth muscles of the pulmonary system is under the control of

A

autonomic nervous system

  • increased parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction
  • increased sympathetic - bronchodilation - activation of beta 2 receptiors (N/NE decrease resistance and increase flow)
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29
Q

regulation of air flow

A

V=P/R

flow = changing pressure/resistance

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30
Q

thoracic cavity is lined with

A

pleural sac which extends around each lung

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31
Q

visceral pleura

A

connective tissue that covers the lung

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32
Q

parietal pleura

A

connective tissues that lines the thoracic cavity

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33
Q

intrapleural

A

filled with fluids that lets us to expiration process as the rib cage is always trying to pull out but the lungs want to deflate

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34
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

760mmHg at sea level

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35
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

760 mmHg

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36
Q

intra pleural pressure and purpose

A

756 mmHg
always subatmospheric due to the inward recoil of lungs and outward revoil of chest wall
intrapleural fluid prevents two pleural layers from seperating

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37
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

diff between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

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38
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure is inversely related to volume

P1V1=P2V2

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39
Q

MUSCLES for inspiration

A

diaphragm and intercostal

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40
Q

muscles for expiratoin

A

abdominals and intercostal

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41
Q

pressure difference between chest and atmospheric before inspiration, at inspiration and atexpiration

A

same, lower and higher by 2

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42
Q

inspiration mechanics (3)

A

expansion of thoracic cavity

  • contraction of diaphragm and exernal intercostal muscles
  • increased volume of alveolus, decreased pressure relative to atmospheric pressure
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43
Q

expiration mechanics (2)

A

passive recoil of thorax

decreased volume of alveolus, increased pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

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44
Q

forced expiration (3)

A

faster rate of volume decrease
contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muslces
during exercise

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45
Q

pulmonary circulation (2)

A

serves the external respiratory function

alveoli receive the largest supply of all organs

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46
Q

bronchial circulation (2)

A

supplies the internal respiration needs of the lung tissues

part of systemic circulation

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47
Q

2 respiratory circulation

A

pulmonary and bronchial

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48
Q

measuring lung volume

A

blow in a tub of water liked to a pulley with a pencil that draws on a graph with the y axis of air volume and rotates at a fixed rate

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49
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

greatest amt of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration

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50
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

greatest amount of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

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51
Q

residual volume

A

amt of air left in lungs following a max exhalation

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52
Q

inspiratory capacity (2)

A

greatest amount of air that can be inspired from a resting expiratory level
IC =IRV +VT

53
Q

vital capacity (2)

A

greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following a max inhalation
VC=IRV+VT+ERV

54
Q

functional residual capacity FRC (2)

A

amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
FRC = ERV + RV

55
Q

total lung capacity (4)

A

greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs
TLC = VC+RV
= IC + FRC
= IRV + VT + ERV + RV

56
Q

if you breathed less how do you compensate for alveolar ventilation?

A

you increase in volume

57
Q

which is more effeficient? Raising the volume or the frequency of breathing?

A

volume

58
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

forced expiratory volume in 1s

59
Q

FEV/FVC indicates 3

A

pulmonary airflow capacity - pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in lungs
85% - healthy
equal or less than 70 - some level of airway obstruction

60
Q

exercise induced asthma (2)

A

airway narrowing - induced during or after exercise

- exercise triggers/exacerbates underlying asthma (chronic inflammation leading to bronchoconstriction)

61
Q

how can exercise induced asthma be diagnosed?

how do they treat it?

A

eucapnic hyperventilation/spirometry test - if FEV/FVC is reduced by more than 15% pre vs post
corticosteroids and beta 2 antagonists

62
Q

how long do EIA symptoms take to subside

A

30-90 min after exercise

63
Q

eucapnic

A

prevents you from fainting

64
Q

salbutamol

A

short acting beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist - cause airway smooth muslces to relax

65
Q

How do people cheat with EIA medication?

A

beta 2 also vasodilates the heart and corticosteroids leads to greater mobilization of energy

66
Q

exercise induced bronchospasm (2)

A

narrowing of airway thats induced during or after exercise
- hyperventilation during exercise induces a loss of heat/drying of the airway which leads to an increased intracellullar osmolarity and subsequent release of acute inflammatory mediators list - mast cells

67
Q

what can induce acute inflammatory mediators

A

air pollutants

68
Q

what sports is EIB common in? (3)

A

cross country skiing, hockey, swimmers

69
Q

how to diagnose EIB

A

FEV reduction of 10% post exercise

70
Q

diagnose EIB can be treated with

A

beta 2 agonist

71
Q

residual volume allows for

A

continuous gas exchange between breaths

72
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

partial pressure: molecules of each specific gas in a mixture of gases exert their own partial pressure

73
Q

partial pressure are altered at the alveoli level due to 3

A

fresh air mixing with air in dead space
humidification of air in alveolus
temp adjustments (charles law)

74
Q

henry’s law

A

mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility until equilibrium is achieved and the gas partial pressures are equal in both locations

75
Q

gas always diffuses from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of _______ partial pressure

A

high to low

76
Q

ficks law of diffusion (3)

A

governs gas diffusion across a fluid membrane
gas diffuses across fluid membrane
- directly proportional to tissue area, a diffusion constant, and pressure differentail of the gas on each side of the membrane
- inversely proportional to tissue thickness

77
Q

external respiration of gas exchange (3)

A

o2 travels from high to low pressure as it dissolves and diffuses through alveolar membranes into blood
co2 exists under greater pressure in returning venous blood than alveoli, net diffusion of co2 from blood 2 lungs
n2 essentially unchanged

78
Q

PaO2 when it leaves the heart

A

95

79
Q

internal respiration of gas exchange (3)

A

PO2 in muslce cell is about 40mmHg and PCO2 is 45mmHg
O2 leaves blood and diffuses toward cells (myoglobin is dropping off oxygen as well) , CO2 flows from cells into blood
into venous circuit to return to heart then lungs

80
Q

Q difference before and after exercise

A

5l/min to 40l/min

81
Q

3 options of co2

A

stay in the plasma, enter BC and attach to hemoglobin

turn into bicarbonate acid

82
Q

2 way to transport oxygen

A

dissolved in fluid portion of blood

bound to hemoglobin

83
Q

quantity of dissolved oxygen in blood

A

solubility of O2 is 0.00304ml/dlmmHg
about 0.3ml in arterial blood
if this was the only way, with a VO2 of 250mlo2/min (RMR) you would need a Q of 83l/min

84
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein portion of RBC binds with oxygen, has 4 iron containing pigments called heme and a protein called globin

85
Q

quantity of oxygen on hemoglobin (3)

A

70x more than dissolved O2 in plasma
hbo2 = hb x 1.34o2/gram x sbo2%
males: hb of 15-16g/dl, females 13-14g/dl

86
Q

we can bring up the hemoglobin concentration to

A

19g/dl

87
Q

oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin relies on the principle of

A

cooperativity - binding of one molecule of oxygen facilitates the binding of the other three. relatioship is responsible for sigmoidal curve

88
Q

usually after circulation, how much oxygen has been used?

A

25%

89
Q

a-vo2 difference

A

difference between oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood

90
Q

pAo2 vs pao2

A

104mmHg then mixed with venous blood if 95

91
Q

3 ways to transport co2 in blood

A

dissolved in plasms (5-10%)
bound to hemoglobin - carbaminohemoglobin (20%)
bicarbonate ions (HCO3) (70-75%)
- chloride shift (make sure that everything is neutral)

92
Q

control of ventilation is centered in

A

medulla oblongata and pons region of the brainstem

93
Q

central pattern generator cells

A

pre botzinger complex like the SA nod which determines the rate of your breathing at he inspiratory centre

94
Q

expiratory centre is influenced by

A

exercise

95
Q

what nerve controls the diaphragm

A

phrenic - if damagesd you wont be able to breath on your ownor severedat c3-c5

96
Q

centres in the pons

A

pneumotaxic centre - constant which in combination of situation controls the apneustic center which has a constant effect on this inspiratory center.

97
Q

centres in the medulla oblongata

A

expiratory (ventral respiratory group) and inspiratory (dorsal respiratory group) center

98
Q

inspiratory center receives signals from

directs

A

pons
neural activity of inspiratory muslces
expiratory centor which stimulates expiratory and inspiratory muslces

99
Q

active contraction of inspiratory muslces

A

starts when inspiratory center is stimulated due to need for more forceful breathing

100
Q

4 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A

higher brain centres
systemic receptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors - peripheral and central

101
Q

higher brain centres that control breathing

A

cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

102
Q

cerebral cortex and ventilation (4)

A

motor cortex
conscious control of stimulation of inhibition
overruled if PCO2 is high enough
stimulates expiratory then inspiratory muslces

103
Q

hypothalamus (3)

A

sympathetic nerve system centres

strong emotions or pain and stiumulate or inhibit the inspiratory center which affects the expiratory center

104
Q

systematic receptors (2)

A

airway irritant receptors respond to fumes, mucus, particulates, pollutants by inhibition, cough, sneeze, bronchial constriction which stimulates the expiratory and inspiratory center
lung stretch receptors - hering breuer reflex overinflation - inhibition which stimulates the apneustic cener and the inspiratory centre

105
Q

2 chemoreceptors

A

central - CSP and medulla sense a decrease in pH and increased in PCO2 to peripheral - arterial blood, carotid and aortic bodies sense increase in PCO2, K, decrease in PO2 and pH
both stimulate inspiratory centre then the expiratory one

106
Q

why does K stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

signifies lots of muscle contraction

107
Q

mechanoreceptors 2

A 
procrioceptive receptors (joint and muslce mecano receptors) 
sensitive to bodily movements and stimulate expiratory and inspiratory centers
108
Q

what sensor is more likely to increase VE

A

PCO2, PaCO2 has to drop about half before VE goes up

109
Q

central chemoreceptor located in

A

chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata (ventral portion near respiratory control centre), far more sensitive to change in PCO2 than peripheral, but peripheral sensors are faster to react to changes

110
Q

short term, light to mod exercise effect on pulmonary ventilation
- VE
VT x2
VD

A

VE - disproportionate increase at the start - anticipatroy response (Cerebral cortex) and afferent activity from mechanoreceptors - hypernea
VT and f increase to increase VE
VT encroach more into IRV than ERV
VD changes little with bronchodilation - decreased VD/VT beneficial for increasd VA - smaller increase in VE required

111
Q

Short term light to mod exercise on external respiration
VA
Aa PO2
SaO2

A

increased VA maintains PAO2
A-a PO2 reflects efficiency of oxygen transfer (no change - higher if mod intensity, lower if low intensity)
SaO2 maintained at 97%

112
Q

short, light mod exercise effect on internal respiration (4)

A

amt of o2 delivered to tissues does not change
increase avo2 diff due to increased cellular o2 extraction - decreased Pvo2 and SvO2
paCO2 decreased as a result of VE
slight increase in pvco2

113
Q

Bohr effect

A

rightward shift resulting from increased PCO2 and decreased pH

114
Q

Increased avo2 diff occurs because

A

increased pO2 gradient and rightward shift in oxygen dissociation curve

115
Q

rightward shift means

A

O2 can be released from Hb without any increase in local tissue blood flow

116
Q

will heat impact the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Yes, it will result in a rightward shift

117
Q

long term, mod to heavy exercise effect on pulmonary ventilation

A

increased VE (ventilator drift)

  • related to increased temp
  • primarily influences breathing frequency
118
Q

long term, mod to heavy exercise effect on external respiration
VA
PaO2
AaPO2

A

increased VA parallels VE
PaO2 goes down until ventilator drift initiates
insufficiency in AaPO2 is not sufficient to limit exercise

119
Q

long, mod heavy exercise effect on internal respiration (3)

A

same changes with light/mod but at increased magnitude

  • increased avo2 diff, decreased Svo2%
  • increased VE, decreased paCO2
120
Q

incremental aerobic exercise to VO2max on pulmonary ventilation
VE
VT

A

increase VE - a point where no longer proportional to VO2, disproportionate increase
reduced - rarely exceed 60% of VC

121
Q

at higher exercise intensities, what takes on a more important role in terms of raising VE

A

frequency - can increase to 45breaths/min during strenuous exercise in healthy young adults and 70 in some elite endurance athletes

122
Q

ventilatory thresholds

A

point during incremental exercise where the rectilinear raise in VE breaks from linearity - disproportionally increased in relation to VO2

123
Q

VT1 and VT2

A

close association

124
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

disporportionate increase in lactate accumulation and/or ventilator parameters during incremental exercise shown as lactate thresholds or ventilatory thresholds

125
Q

how to determine vt1/vt2

A

identify inflection points

align multiple graphs

126
Q

in theory, what causes ventilatory threshold

A

in theory - excess CO2 resulting from excess hydrogen buffering (anaerobic glycolysis)
therefore VT1 and VT2 will occur slight after LT1 and LT2
does not always seem to happen

127
Q

does LT cause VT

A

no, VT can precede LT if subjects were depleted of muslce glycogen prior to anaerobic threshold test

128
Q

mcardle’s syndrome and relationship of LT and VT

A

deficiency in enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

- these ind cant produce lactate but still experience distinct breakpoints in VE

129
Q

5 possible causes of ventilatory thresholds

A

increased chemoreceptor activity (k, PCO2)
increased afferent neural activity from skeletal muslce proprioceptors
increased temp
increased catecholamines
limitations in the change of VT, f and VD/VT

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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